Biology: Eukaryotic Cells and Organelles
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Questions and Answers

What process do mitochondria primarily use to convert chemical energy from food into usable energy for the cell?

  • Glycolysis
  • Lipid oxidation
  • Oxidative phosphorylation (correct)
  • Fermentation

    • What chemical is produced during the Krebs cycle that is crucial for ATP production?

  • Coenzyme A
  • FADH2
  • Oxaloacetate
  • NADH (correct)

    • Which of the following best describes the role of mitochondria in apoptosis?

  • They facilitate the repair of damaged cells.
  • They release cytochrome C to activate caspases. (correct)
  • They provide energy for cell division.
  • They synthesize proteins for cell survival.

    • What vital role does mitochondria play in regulating calcium ions within the cell?

    <p>They absorb and hold calcium ions until needed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT typically associated with mitochondrial diseases?

    <p>Increased muscle strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which organisms change shape and structure to perform different functions?

    <p>Differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly defines metabolism?

    <p>Combination of anabolism and catabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is homeostasis primarily concerned with?

    <p>Maintaining stable internal conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does DNA stand for?

    <p>Deoxyribonucleic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to a trait that helps an organism compete and survive in its environment?

    <p>Adaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life?

    <p>Cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of stimuli include factors like light, touch, and sound?

    <p>External stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept refers to the ability of a group of organisms to change over time, crucial for survival?

    <p>Evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tissue is responsible for transmitting nerve impulses in animals?

    <p>Nervous tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of cristae in mitochondria?

    <p>They increase the surface area for ATP production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function of mitochondria is related to energy production?

    <p>Oxidative phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Production of energy through metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is mitochondrial DNA primarily inherited from?

    <p>Only from the mother</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about cellular reproduction is true?

    <p>Sexual reproduction involves two parents contributing DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does mitochondrial matrix contain?

    <p>Various enzymes and proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organism is composed of multiple specialized cells?

    <p>Multicellular organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes is NOT a function of mitochondria?

    <p>Lipid synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of a cell is responsible for maintaining homeostasis?

    <p>Cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of ATP in cellular processes?

    <p>It is considered the currency of energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of life?

    <p>Ability to fly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about mitochondrial DNA is true?

    <p>It contains 37 genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tissue provides structural support in animals?

    <p>Connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a characteristic of the inner mitochondrial membrane?

    <p>It is impermeable to oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process allows ions and large molecules to cross the phospholipid bilayer through protein channels?

    <p>Facilitated diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does phagocytosis refer to in cellular processes?

    <p>Cellular eating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic defines a hypertonic solution in comparison to a cell's cytoplasm?

    <p>More solute, less water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is referred to as the 'Powerhouse of the cell'?

    <p>Mitochondrion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do isotonic solutions affect cell osmotic pressure?

    <p>No net movement of water occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What comprises the gel-like material found inside mitochondria?

    <p>Matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do lysosomes play in the process of phagocytosis?

    <p>Break down ingested materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution?

    <p>It swells and may burst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is NOT part of the Cell Theory?

    <p>All cells can exist independently and do not require other cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does selective permeability of the plasma membrane have?

    <p>It permits only certain molecules to cross the membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of endocytosis in the cell?

    <p>To ingest larger molecules into the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is facilitated diffusion?

    <p>The movement of specific molecules down a concentration gradient with the help of proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells are classified as prokaryotes?

    <p>Bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the plasma membrane provide for a cell?

    <p>Structural support and physical barrier.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes diffusion?

    <p>It is the movement of molecules from high to low concentration without energy use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Course Overview

    • Course title: Biology (F/R-009)
    • Credit hours: 3
    • Topic: Types of cells and cellular organelles of eukaryotes
    • Instructor: Hossam El-Din M. Omar
    • Learning Objectives:
      • Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
      • Describe the structure and function of cellular organelles
      • Explain the role of mitochondria in metabolism
      • Describe the functions of cell membranes
      • Identify different animal cell types in various tissues
      • Explain the role of nucleic acid in genetics and cellular communication

    Characteristics of Life

    • Composed of cells
    • Reproduction
    • Growth and development
    • Obtain and use energy (metabolism)
    • Respond to the environment
    • Homeostasis
    • DNA as the universal genetic code
    • Evolution and adaptation

    Levels of Organization

    • Atoms
    • Molecules
    • Cells
    • Tissues
    • Organs
    • Organ Systems
    • Organism
    • Populations
    • Communities
    • Ecosystems
    • Biosphere

    Cell Structure & Types

    • A cell is the basic unit of life
    • All cells come from pre-existing cells
    • Unicellular organisms: composed of a single cell (e.g., bacteria)
    • Multicellular organisms: composed of many cells with specialization of function (over 85 types in the human body)

    Complex Tissues

    • Multicellular organisms develop specialized cells grouped into tissues with specific functions
    • Tissue: a collection of similar cells of common embryonic origin.
    • Four main types of animal tissues: nervous, muscle, connective, and epithelial
      • Nervous tissue: contains neurons that transmit nerve impulses.
      • Muscle tissue: contracts for body movement
      • Connective tissue: provides diverse functions, including transport (blood) and support (bone).
      • Epithelial tissue: forms the outer layer of skin and lines internal organs

    Reproduction

    • Asexual reproduction: single parent copies its DNA, then divides to produce identical offspring
      • Often involves rapid reproduction in large numbers
    • Sexual reproduction: two different parent cells unite to produce genetically unique offspring, leads to genetic diversity

    Growth and Development

    • Single-celled organisms often grow simply by increasing in size
    • Multicellular organisms undergo extensive development from a single fertilized egg, dividing to produce numerous cells with specialization (differentiation).

    Cell and Energy Use

    • All living things obtain energy from their environment for growth, development, reproduction and excretion.
    • Metabolism involves anabolism (synthesizing compounds, requiring energy) and catabolism (breaking compounds down, releasing energy).
    • Chemical reactions build and break down materials in supporting life processes

    Response to Stimuli

    • Organisms detect and respond to stimuli (signals) from their internal or external environment.
    • Internal stimuli: glucose level, blood levels, etc.
    • External stimuli: light, touch, sound, temperature and odors

    Homeostasis

    • Organisms maintain internal conditions suitable for life through autonomic processes, responding to bodily stimuli to maintain equilibrium.
    • Ex: Body responding to bleeding, and heat, etc.

    DNA as Universal Genetic Code

    • DNA is a universal genetic code
    • Biomolecule in the form of a three-dimensional double helix.
    • DNA controls inherited genetic traits of organisms and facilitates replication and gene expression

    Evolution and Adaptation

    • Evolution: ability of organisms to change over time, vital for survival in changing environments.
    • Adaptation: a trait helping an organism to survive, compete and reproduce in its environment.

    Cell Membrane Functions

    • Physical barrier: protects cell components from the external environment.
    • Selective permeability: allowing passage of certain molecules while excluding others.
    • Endocytosis: ingestion of large molecules through channels
    • Exocytosis: release of cell materials containing important cellular communication signals
    • Cell signaling: enabling communication between cells, identifying cells and enabling actions when bound to receptors

    Active and Passive Transport

    • Passive transport: movement across membranes without energy use (diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion).
    • Diffusion: movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
    • Osmosis: water movement across a membrane from low to high solute concentration
    • Facilitated diffusion: movement of molecules across a membrane requiring transport proteins.
    • Active transport: movement against concentration gradient with energy use.

    Specialized Cellular Structures

    • Mitochondria: "powerhouses" of eukaryotic cells, use nutrients, play a role in breaking down nutrients and creating energy, site for cellular respiration.
    • Inner membrane: folded into cristae to increase surface area
    • Matrix: fluid containing enzymes important for ATP synthesis.

    Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

    • mtDNA: separate from nuclear DNA, and holds instructions for proteins, involved in cellular function.
    • Similar to bacterial DNA.
    • Maternal inheritance during reproduction, used to trace genetic lines

    Mitochondrial Functions

    • ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation (energy production process)
    • Metabolic activity regulation
    • Cell growth promotion
    • Toxin elimination, and immune function
    • Apoptosis regulation (cell death)
    • Maintaining ion concentrations (especially calcium ions)
    • Cellular differentiation and signaling
    • Controlling cell cycle and growth

    Cell Lysis

    • Using a hypotonic solution, interferes with sodium equilibrium, causing cells to burst

    Cellular Processes Summary

    • Glycolysis- conversion of glucose to pyruvate, creating ATP and NADH.
    • Krebs cycle: pyruvate is further processed to yield ATP, and additional NADH/FADH2; producing CO2

    Cell Death (Apoptosis)

    • An essential process, clearing away old or damaged cells.
    • Mitochondria play a part in the breakdown and activating enzyme caspase.
    • Certain diseases can involve abnormal apoptosis regulation.

    Mitochondrial Diseases

    • Symptoms may involve muscle weakness, poor growth, exercise intolerance, vision/hearing problems, developmental delays and other bodily symptoms.)

    Further Study

    • Complete the details for each topic to fully understand the biology
    • Explore diagrams and examples for each topic
    • Review examples for different tissue types, and various cell types
    • Review processes in detail
    • Explore all organelles in animal cell

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    Biology Past Paper PDF - Types of Cells and Cellular Organelles

    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of eukaryotic cells, focusing on their types and cellular organelles. You will explore the functions of various organelles, the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and the characteristics of life related to cellular biology. Enhance your understanding of cell structure and its role in living organisms.

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