Biology: Eukaryotic Cells and Organelles
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Questions and Answers

What process do mitochondria primarily use to convert chemical energy from food into usable energy for the cell?

  • Glycolysis
  • Lipid oxidation
  • Oxidative phosphorylation (correct)
  • Fermentation

What chemical is produced during the Krebs cycle that is crucial for ATP production?

  • Coenzyme A
  • FADH2
  • Oxaloacetate
  • NADH (correct)

Which of the following best describes the role of mitochondria in apoptosis?

  • They facilitate the repair of damaged cells.
  • They release cytochrome C to activate caspases. (correct)
  • They provide energy for cell division.
  • They synthesize proteins for cell survival.

What vital role does mitochondria play in regulating calcium ions within the cell?

<p>They absorb and hold calcium ions until needed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT typically associated with mitochondrial diseases?

<p>Increased muscle strength (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which organisms change shape and structure to perform different functions?

<p>Differentiation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly defines metabolism?

<p>Combination of anabolism and catabolism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is homeostasis primarily concerned with?

<p>Maintaining stable internal conditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does DNA stand for?

<p>Deoxyribonucleic acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to a trait that helps an organism compete and survive in its environment?

<p>Adaptation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life?

<p>Cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of stimuli include factors like light, touch, and sound?

<p>External stimuli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept refers to the ability of a group of organisms to change over time, crucial for survival?

<p>Evolution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?

<p>Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue is responsible for transmitting nerve impulses in animals?

<p>Nervous tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of cristae in mitochondria?

<p>They increase the surface area for ATP production. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function of mitochondria is related to energy production?

<p>Oxidative phosphorylation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

<p>Production of energy through metabolism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is mitochondrial DNA primarily inherited from?

<p>Only from the mother (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about cellular reproduction is true?

<p>Sexual reproduction involves two parents contributing DNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does mitochondrial matrix contain?

<p>Various enzymes and proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of organism is composed of multiple specialized cells?

<p>Multicellular organisms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes is NOT a function of mitochondria?

<p>Lipid synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of a cell is responsible for maintaining homeostasis?

<p>Cell membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of ATP in cellular processes?

<p>It is considered the currency of energy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of life?

<p>Ability to fly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about mitochondrial DNA is true?

<p>It contains 37 genes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue provides structural support in animals?

<p>Connective tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a characteristic of the inner mitochondrial membrane?

<p>It is impermeable to oxygen. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process allows ions and large molecules to cross the phospholipid bilayer through protein channels?

<p>Facilitated diffusion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does phagocytosis refer to in cellular processes?

<p>Cellular eating (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defines a hypertonic solution in comparison to a cell's cytoplasm?

<p>More solute, less water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is referred to as the 'Powerhouse of the cell'?

<p>Mitochondrion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do isotonic solutions affect cell osmotic pressure?

<p>No net movement of water occurs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What comprises the gel-like material found inside mitochondria?

<p>Matrix (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do lysosomes play in the process of phagocytosis?

<p>Break down ingested materials (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution?

<p>It swells and may burst (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

<p>Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is NOT part of the Cell Theory?

<p>All cells can exist independently and do not require other cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function does selective permeability of the plasma membrane have?

<p>It permits only certain molecules to cross the membrane. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of endocytosis in the cell?

<p>To ingest larger molecules into the cell. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is facilitated diffusion?

<p>The movement of specific molecules down a concentration gradient with the help of proteins. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells are classified as prokaryotes?

<p>Bacteria. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the plasma membrane provide for a cell?

<p>Structural support and physical barrier. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes diffusion?

<p>It is the movement of molecules from high to low concentration without energy use. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Unicellular organism

A single-celled organism, like bacteria or amoeba.

Multicellular organism

An organism composed of many cells, organized into tissues and organs.

Tissue

A group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function.

Neuron

A specialized cell in nervous tissue that transmits signals.

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Muscle tissue

Muscle tissue that contracts to create body movement.

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Connective tissue

Connective tissue that provides support and structure, like bones and cartilage.

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Asexual reproduction

Reproduction involving a single parent, resulting in genetically identical offspring.

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Sexual reproduction

Reproduction involving two parents, combining genetic material to create unique offspring.

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Multicellular organism growth

Growth in multicellular organisms involves a fertilized egg dividing repeatedly to form numerous cells in a mature organism.

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Differentiation

The process of cells changing their shapes and structures to perform specific functions.

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Metabolism

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within a living organism to build and break down materials.

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Stimulus

A stimulus is anything in the environment that causes a response in an organism, either internal or external.

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Homeostasis

The process of maintaining stable internal conditions within an organism, despite changes in external conditions.

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Genetic Code

The universal genetic code, DNA, determines the characteristics of all organisms.

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Evolution

The ability of a group of organisms to change over time in response to their environment.

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Adaptation

A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce in its environment.

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Passive Transport

The movement of molecules across a cell membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, without requiring energy.

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Osmosis

A type of passive transport where water molecules move across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.

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Hypertonic

A solution with a higher concentration of solutes compared to another solution.

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Hypotonic

A solution with a lower concentration of solutes compared to another solution.

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Isotonic

A solution with the same concentration of solutes as another solution.

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Endocytosis

The process by which a cell takes in large molecules or particles by engulfing them in a membrane-bound vesicle.

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Exocytosis

The process by which a cell releases large molecules or particles by fusing a vesicle containing those substances with the cell membrane.

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Mitochondria

The 'powerhouse' of the cell, responsible for generating energy (ATP) for cellular processes.

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Prokaryotic Cells

A cell that doesn't have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. It contains DNA but doesn't have a compartment for it.

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Eukaryotic Cells

A cell that has a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. These organelles have specific functions inside the cell.

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Plasma Membrane

The outer layer of a cell that acts as a barrier, controls what enters and leaves, and helps maintain the shape of the cell.

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Selective Permeability

The ability of the plasma membrane to allow some substances to pass through while blocking others.

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Diffusion

The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. It doesn't require energy.

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Facilitated Diffusion

A type of diffusion where molecules move down their concentration gradient with the help of special proteins in the membrane.

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Mitochondria: Energy Conversion

Mitochondria convert chemical energy from food into a usable form for the cell.

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NADH and ATP Production

The Krebs cycle produces NADH, which is used by enzymes in the cristae to create ATP.

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Mitochondria and Apoptosis

Mitochondria help initiate programmed cell death (apoptosis) by releasing cytochrome C, which activates caspase to break down cells.

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Mitochondria and Calcium Storage

Mitochondria play a crucial role in calcium regulation by absorbing and storing calcium ions for later use.

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Mitochondrial Diseases: Symptoms

Mitochondrial diseases can cause a variety of symptoms due to energy production issues, including muscle weakness, learning disabilities, and vision/hearing problems.

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What is the cristae?

The inner membrane of mitochondria, folded into layered structures called cristae. This increases surface area, aiding in ATP production.

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What is the mitochondrial matrix?

The viscous fluid within mitochondria containing enzymes, proteins, ribosomes, DNA, and other molecules essential for ATP synthesis.

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What is mitochondria's primary function?

Mitochondria's primary function is to generate energy through oxidative phosphorylation, the process that produces ATP.

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What role do mitochondria play in metabolic activity?

Mitochondria regulate various metabolic processes within the cell, controlling the pace of chemical reactions.

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How do mitochondria contribute to cell growth?

Mitochondria support cell growth and division by providing energy and contributing to the building blocks of new cells.

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What is the role of mitochondria in apoptosis?

Mitochondria are vital for apoptosis, or programmed cell death, ensuring the orderly elimination of damaged or unwanted cells.

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What is mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)?

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a circular molecule found within mitochondria, separate from the cell's nuclear DNA.

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How is mtDNA inherited?

Unlike nuclear DNA, mtDNA is inherited solely from the mother, making it useful for tracing maternal lineages.

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Study Notes

Course Overview

  • Course title: Biology (F/R-009)
  • Credit hours: 3
  • Topic: Types of cells and cellular organelles of eukaryotes
  • Instructor: Hossam El-Din M. Omar
  • Learning Objectives:
    • Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
    • Describe the structure and function of cellular organelles
    • Explain the role of mitochondria in metabolism
    • Describe the functions of cell membranes
    • Identify different animal cell types in various tissues
    • Explain the role of nucleic acid in genetics and cellular communication

Characteristics of Life

  • Composed of cells
  • Reproduction
  • Growth and development
  • Obtain and use energy (metabolism)
  • Respond to the environment
  • Homeostasis
  • DNA as the universal genetic code
  • Evolution and adaptation

Levels of Organization

  • Atoms
  • Molecules
  • Cells
  • Tissues
  • Organs
  • Organ Systems
  • Organism
  • Populations
  • Communities
  • Ecosystems
  • Biosphere

Cell Structure & Types

  • A cell is the basic unit of life
  • All cells come from pre-existing cells
  • Unicellular organisms: composed of a single cell (e.g., bacteria)
  • Multicellular organisms: composed of many cells with specialization of function (over 85 types in the human body)

Complex Tissues

  • Multicellular organisms develop specialized cells grouped into tissues with specific functions
  • Tissue: a collection of similar cells of common embryonic origin.
  • Four main types of animal tissues: nervous, muscle, connective, and epithelial
    • Nervous tissue: contains neurons that transmit nerve impulses.
    • Muscle tissue: contracts for body movement
    • Connective tissue: provides diverse functions, including transport (blood) and support (bone).
    • Epithelial tissue: forms the outer layer of skin and lines internal organs

Reproduction

  • Asexual reproduction: single parent copies its DNA, then divides to produce identical offspring
    • Often involves rapid reproduction in large numbers
  • Sexual reproduction: two different parent cells unite to produce genetically unique offspring, leads to genetic diversity

Growth and Development

  • Single-celled organisms often grow simply by increasing in size
  • Multicellular organisms undergo extensive development from a single fertilized egg, dividing to produce numerous cells with specialization (differentiation).

Cell and Energy Use

  • All living things obtain energy from their environment for growth, development, reproduction and excretion.
  • Metabolism involves anabolism (synthesizing compounds, requiring energy) and catabolism (breaking compounds down, releasing energy).
  • Chemical reactions build and break down materials in supporting life processes

Response to Stimuli

  • Organisms detect and respond to stimuli (signals) from their internal or external environment.
  • Internal stimuli: glucose level, blood levels, etc.
  • External stimuli: light, touch, sound, temperature and odors

Homeostasis

  • Organisms maintain internal conditions suitable for life through autonomic processes, responding to bodily stimuli to maintain equilibrium.
  • Ex: Body responding to bleeding, and heat, etc.

DNA as Universal Genetic Code

  • DNA is a universal genetic code
  • Biomolecule in the form of a three-dimensional double helix.
  • DNA controls inherited genetic traits of organisms and facilitates replication and gene expression

Evolution and Adaptation

  • Evolution: ability of organisms to change over time, vital for survival in changing environments.
  • Adaptation: a trait helping an organism to survive, compete and reproduce in its environment.

Cell Membrane Functions

  • Physical barrier: protects cell components from the external environment.
  • Selective permeability: allowing passage of certain molecules while excluding others.
  • Endocytosis: ingestion of large molecules through channels
  • Exocytosis: release of cell materials containing important cellular communication signals
  • Cell signaling: enabling communication between cells, identifying cells and enabling actions when bound to receptors

Active and Passive Transport

  • Passive transport: movement across membranes without energy use (diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion).
  • Diffusion: movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
  • Osmosis: water movement across a membrane from low to high solute concentration
  • Facilitated diffusion: movement of molecules across a membrane requiring transport proteins.
  • Active transport: movement against concentration gradient with energy use.

Specialized Cellular Structures

  • Mitochondria: "powerhouses" of eukaryotic cells, use nutrients, play a role in breaking down nutrients and creating energy, site for cellular respiration.
  • Inner membrane: folded into cristae to increase surface area
  • Matrix: fluid containing enzymes important for ATP synthesis.

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

  • mtDNA: separate from nuclear DNA, and holds instructions for proteins, involved in cellular function.
  • Similar to bacterial DNA.
  • Maternal inheritance during reproduction, used to trace genetic lines

Mitochondrial Functions

  • ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation (energy production process)
  • Metabolic activity regulation
  • Cell growth promotion
  • Toxin elimination, and immune function
  • Apoptosis regulation (cell death)
  • Maintaining ion concentrations (especially calcium ions)
  • Cellular differentiation and signaling
  • Controlling cell cycle and growth

Cell Lysis

  • Using a hypotonic solution, interferes with sodium equilibrium, causing cells to burst

Cellular Processes Summary

  • Glycolysis- conversion of glucose to pyruvate, creating ATP and NADH.
  • Krebs cycle: pyruvate is further processed to yield ATP, and additional NADH/FADH2; producing CO2

Cell Death (Apoptosis)

  • An essential process, clearing away old or damaged cells.
  • Mitochondria play a part in the breakdown and activating enzyme caspase.
  • Certain diseases can involve abnormal apoptosis regulation.

Mitochondrial Diseases

  • Symptoms may involve muscle weakness, poor growth, exercise intolerance, vision/hearing problems, developmental delays and other bodily symptoms.)

Further Study

  • Complete the details for each topic to fully understand the biology
  • Explore diagrams and examples for each topic
  • Review examples for different tissue types, and various cell types
  • Review processes in detail
  • Explore all organelles in animal cell

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