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Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of Fosfomycin in antibiotic therapy?
Which of the following describes a common characteristic shared by all Beta Lactam antibiotics?
Which type of penicillin is specifically designed to be resistant to penicillinase?
What is a key difference between Penicillin G and Penicillin V in terms of administration routes?
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Which of the following statements about beta lactamase is true?
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Which of the following statements is accurate about beta lactam antibiotics?
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Which antibiotic specifically inhibits the monomer necessary for cell wall synthesis?
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What characteristic is NOT common among beta lactam antibiotics?
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Which of the following is true regarding antistaphylococcal penicillins?
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What is the primary action of Beta Lactam antibiotics in relation to the bacterial cell wall?
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Which class of antibiotics is primarily focused on targeting the structural integrity of the bacterial cell wall?
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Which of the following is NOT a property of aminopenicillins like ampicillin and amoxicillin?
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Study Notes
Cell Wall Synthesis
- Cell wall synthesis occurs in four stages: monomer production, polymer formation, linkage, and cross-linking.
- Monomers are the building blocks of polymers.
- Polymers are long chains of monomers.
- Linkage is the process of attaching monomers together.
- Cross-linking is the process of connecting different polymer chains together.
Specific Drug Role in Antibiotics
- Fosfomycin inhibits the production of monomers needed for bacterial cell wall synthesis.
- Vancomycin and teicoplanin prevent the cell wall from elongating by interfering with the formation of the peptide cross-links.
- Beta Lactam antibiotics prevent the cross-linking of peptidoglycans in the bacterial cell wall. This weakens the cell wall and can lead to cell lysis.
Beta Lactam Similarities
- Beta Lactams have a similar mechanism of action, good tissue penetration, and pharmacokinetic properties.
- Beta lactams are mainly eliminated by the kidneys.
- Beta lactams have short half-lives, meaning they are cleared from the body relatively quickly.
- Beta lactams have bactericidal activity, meaning they kill bacterial cells.
- Common adverse effects of beta lactams include nausea, hypersensitivity, and diarrhoea.
Beta Lactam Differences
- Beta Lactams differ in their absorption, hydrophilicity, and types of penicillin-binding proteins (PBP) targeted.
- Beta lactams have differing stabilities against degradation.
Aminopenicillin
- Ampicillin and amoxicillin are examples of aminopenicillins.
- They are susceptible to breakdown by bacterial beta lactamases.
- They are typically used to treat upper respiratory infections, urinary tract infections and ulcer disease.
Beta Lactamase
- Beta lactamases are enzymes produced by bacteria to break down beta-lactam antibiotics.
- This inactivation of the antibiotic can lead to resistance.
Natural Penicillin Routes
- Penicillin G is administered intravenously (IV) only.
- Penicillin V is administered orally (PO) only.
- Penicillin G Benzathine is administered intramuscularly (IM) only.
Antistaphylococcal Penicillin
- Antistaphylococcal penicillins are not well absorbed orally.
- They are widely available.
- Some bacteria are resistant to penicillin, necessitating the use of nafcillin, oxacillin, and dicloxacillin.
Cell Wall Synthesis
- Cell wall synthesis involves four major steps:
- Monomer production
- Polymer formation
- Linkage
- Cross-linkage
Antibiotic Mechanisms
- Fosfomycin inhibits the production of monomers required for bacterial cell wall synthesis.
- Vancomycin and teicoplanin prevent the elongation of the bacterial cell wall.
- Beta-lactams disrupt the cross-linking process in bacterial cell wall synthesis.
Beta-lactam Antibiotics
- Beta-lactam antibiotics share a similar mechanism of action, exhibit good tissue penetration, and are primarily eliminated through the kidneys.
- They demonstrate short half-lives and are bactericidal.
- Common adverse effects include nausea, hypersensitivity, and diarrhea.
- Beta-lactam antibiotics differ in their absorption, hydrophilicity, target penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), and stability against degradation.
Aminopenicillin
- Ampicillin and amoxicillin are examples of aminopenicillin.
- Aminopenicillins are susceptible to beta-lactamases.
- Main uses include upper respiratory infections (URIs) and ulcer disease.
Beta-Lactamase
- Beta-lactamases are enzymes that target beta-lactam antibiotics, rendering them ineffective.
Natural Penicillin Routes
- Penicillin G is administered intravenously (IV) only.
- Penicillin V is given orally (PO) only.
- Penicillin G benzathine is administered intramuscularly (IM) only.
Antistaphylococcal Penicillin
- Antistaphylococcal penicillins are poorly absorbed.
- They are widely available despite their resistance to penicillin.
- Nafcillin, oxacillin, and dicloxacillin are commonly used for treating staphylococcal infections.
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Description
This quiz covers the four stages of cell wall synthesis and the specific roles of antibiotics like Fosfomycin, Vancomycin, Teicoplanin, and Beta Lactams. Understand how these drugs impact monomer production, polymer formation, and cross-linking in bacterial cell walls. Test your knowledge on the mechanisms of antibiotic action.
