Cell Transport and Biomolecules Overview

Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Does not require energy.

The movement of molecules down the concentration gradient, with the help of a transport protein, without using energy.

The movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.

Movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. Requires energy (ATP).

The movement of molecules across a cell membrane using ATP (energy) and a transport protein.

The cell membrane controls what enters and exits the cell.

The gel-like substance inside a cell that contains all the organelles.

A complex carbohydrate that provides energy for cells.

A virus that infects the respiratory system and causes the flu. It spreads through respiratory droplets released when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

A process in which a virus uses a host cell's machinery to replicate and produce new virus particles.

A cell that lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Its genetic material is located in the cytoplasm.

A cell that has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Its genetic material is enclosed within the nucleus.

The molecule that carries genetic information in living organisms. It consists of a double helix structure with a phosphate-sugar backbone and nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine).

A subunit of DNA consisting of a phosphate group, a sugar molecule, and a nitrogenous base.

A chemical bond that holds together the two strands of DNA through complementary base pairing (adenine with thymine, and guanine with cytosine).

The arrangement of alternating phosphate groups and sugar molecules that forms the backbone of a DNA molecule.

A protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living organism, without being used up itself, but can be denatured by extreme temperatures or pH.

A specific molecule that an enzyme binds to, like a lock and key.

The process of changing a substrate into a new product using an enzyme.

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is a network of interconnected membranes that plays a key role in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage within cells.

Viruses are non-living particles that require a host cell to reproduce. They lack cellular structures such as a cell membrane and ribosomes, relying on the host cell's machinery for replication.

Viruses spread through various methods, including airborne transmission (coughing, sneezing), contact with infected surfaces, and bodily fluids. They cause disease by hijacking the host cell's machinery to reproduce, disrupting the host's normal functions.

Nucleic acids are large biomolecules that carry genetic information, enabling cells and organisms to function. DNA is a double-helix structure that stores genetic information, while RNA is involved in protein synthesis.

Proteins are large biomolecules composed of amino acids. They have diverse functions, including structural support, enzymes, and signaling. They are synthesized by ribosomes, which use RNA as a template.

The stage of the cell cycle during which DNA replication occurs, resulting in two identical copies of the genetic material.

The stage of the cell cycle where the cell divides, creating two daughter cells.

The process of copying the DNA molecule, producing two identical copies.

The division of the cytoplasm, which occurs after the nucleus divides during mitosis.

A disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and division, leading to the formation of tumors.

A cluster of abnormally growing cells that can be benign or malignant.

The process by which plants convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy stored in glucose.

The process by which cells break down glucose into energy.

Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration use enzymes to speed up chemical reactions.

Glucose is a sugar molecule that stores chemical energy. It is produced in photosynthesis and broken down in cellular respiration.

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are linked processes. The products of one process are the reactants of the other.

In photosynthesis, plants take in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and release oxygen.

In cellular respiration, cells take in oxygen from the atmosphere and release carbon dioxide.

tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome, while mRNA carries the genetic instructions from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.

Not all genes are expressed in every cell. Environmental factors, like hormones and pH, can influence which genes are turned on or off, affecting the traits expressed.

The sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein, which ultimately determines the protein's structure and function.

Gene expression is the process by which genetic information is used to create a functional product, such as proteins.

Specialized cells arise from stem cells through a process called cell differentiation, where specific genes are turned on or off, leading to specific structures and functions.

Cell differentiation is not random; it is influenced by internal and external factors, such as hormones and signals from neighboring cells.

Environmental factors can influence gene expression by affecting the proteins that control the turning on and off of genes.

Cell differentiation is a process where stem cells develop into specialized cells with distinct structures and functions by turning on or off specific genes.