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Questions and Answers
What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in a cell?
What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in a cell?
What is the process by which cells generate energy from glucose?
What is the process by which cells generate energy from glucose?
What is the main characteristic that distinguishes bacteria from other microorganisms?
What is the main characteristic that distinguishes bacteria from other microorganisms?
What is the term for the process of cell division resulting in four non-identical daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes?
What is the term for the process of cell division resulting in four non-identical daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes?
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What is the term for the symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is not affected?
What is the term for the symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is not affected?
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What is the term for the process of modifying and packaging proteins for secretion?
What is the term for the process of modifying and packaging proteins for secretion?
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Study Notes
Cellular Biology
Cell Structure
- Plasma membrane: semi-permeable membrane that separates cell from environment
- Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance inside cell where metabolic reactions occur
- Nucleus: control center of cell where DNA is stored
- Mitochondria: generate energy for cell through cellular respiration
- Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): network of membranous tubules and cisternae for protein synthesis and transport
- Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis
- Lysosomes: contain digestive enzymes for cellular recycling
- Golgi apparatus: modify and package proteins for secretion
Cellular Processes
- Metabolism: energy conversion and synthesis of molecules
- Photosynthesis: process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy
- Cellular respiration: process by which cells generate energy from glucose
- Mitosis: process of cell division resulting in two identical daughter cells
- Meiosis: process of cell division resulting in four non-identical daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes
Microbiology
Microorganisms
- Bacteria: prokaryotic cells lacking a true nucleus
- Viruses: infectious particles composed of genetic material and protein coat
- Fungi: eukaryotic cells that obtain nutrients by decomposing organic matter
- Protozoa: single-celled eukaryotes that obtain nutrients by consuming other organisms
- Algae: eukaryotic cells that obtain nutrients through photosynthesis
Microbial Growth and Control
- Factors affecting microbial growth: temperature, pH, moisture, oxygen, and nutrients
- Sterilization methods: heat, radiation, filtration, and chemicals
- Disinfection methods: chemicals, ultraviolet light, and heat
- Antimicrobial agents: antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, and antiprotozoals
Microbial Interactions and Applications
- Symbiotic relationships: mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism
- Microbial ecology: role of microorganisms in ecosystems
- Industrial applications: fermentation, biological control, and bioremediation
- Medical applications: vaccination, antibiotic development, and disease diagnosis
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Description
Explore the different components of a cell, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, and lysosomes. Learn about their functions and importance in cellular biology.
