Cell Biology: Cell Structure

Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane): Semi-permeable membrane separating cell from environment, composed of phospholipid bilayer and proteins.
Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance inside cell membrane, site of metabolic reactions.
Nucleus: Control center of cell, contains genetic material (DNA).
Mitochondria: Site of cellular respiration, generates energy for cell.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Network of membranous tubules and cisternae, involved in protein synthesis and transport.
Ribosomes: Small organelles, site of protein synthesis.
Lysosomes: Membrane-bound sacs containing digestive enzymes, involved in cellular digestion and recycling.
Golgi Apparatus: Complex of flattened sacs, involved in protein modification and packaging.

Metabolism: Conversion of energy and nutrients into cellular components.
Cell Signaling: Communication between cells, involving signaling molecules and receptors.
Cell Division: Process of cell reproduction, including mitosis and meiosis.
Cell Growth and Development: Regulation of cell size and differentiation.
Cell Death: Process of programmed cell death, apoptosis.

Passive Transport: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, without energy expenditure.
- Diffusion: Random movement of molecules.
- Osmosis: Movement of water molecules through selectively permeable membrane.
Active Transport: Movement of molecules from low to high concentration, with energy expenditure.
- Carrier Proteins: Transport molecules across cell membrane.
- Pumps: Transport molecules across cell membrane, using energy.

Interphase: Cell growth and preparation for cell division.
Mitosis: Process of cell division, resulting in two identical daughter cells.
Cytokinesis: Physical separation of daughter cells.
Checkpoints: Regulation of cell cycle, ensuring proper progression.

The cell membrane is semi-permeable, separating the cell from its environment, and composed of a phospholipid bilayer and proteins.
Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance inside the cell membrane where metabolic reactions take place.
The nucleus is the control center of the cell, containing genetic material (DNA).
Mitochondria are the site of cellular respiration, generating energy for the cell through the process of cellular respiration.
The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is a network of membranous tubules and cisternae involved in protein synthesis and transport.
Ribosomes are small organelles responsible for protein synthesis.
Lysosomes are membrane-bound sacs containing digestive enzymes, involved in cellular digestion and recycling.
The Golgi Apparatus is a complex of flattened sacs involved in protein modification and packaging.

Metabolism is the conversion of energy and nutrients into cellular components.
Cell signaling involves communication between cells through signaling molecules and receptors.
Cell division is the process of cell reproduction, including mitosis and meiosis.
Cell growth and development involve the regulation of cell size and differentiation.
Cell death, or apoptosis, is a process of programmed cell death.

Passive transport is the movement of molecules from high to low concentration without energy expenditure, including diffusion and osmosis.
Diffusion is the random movement of molecules.
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane.
Active transport is the movement of molecules from low to high concentration, requiring energy expenditure, involving carrier proteins and pumps.
Carrier proteins transport molecules across the cell membrane.
Pumps transport molecules across the cell membrane, using energy.

Interphase involves cell growth and preparation for cell division.
Mitosis is the process of cell division, resulting in two identical daughter cells.
Cytokinesis is the physical separation of daughter cells.
Checkpoints regulate the cell cycle, ensuring proper progression.

Peroxisomes are involved in the breakdown of fatty acids and amino acids.
Centrioles are involved in the formation of cilia, flagella, and spindle fibers.
The cytoskeleton is a network of filaments providing structural support and shape.
Chloroplasts, found in plant cells, are involved in photosynthesis.
Vacuoles are membrane-bound sacs involved in storage and transport.