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Questions and Answers
What is the main function of the plasma membrane in a cell?
The main function of the plasma membrane is to separate the cell from its environment and control what enters and leaves the cell.
What is the role of the cytoskeleton in a cell?
The cytoskeleton provides structural support and shape to the cell, and is involved in cell division, movement, and signaling.
What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?
The nucleus contains the cell's genetic material, or DNA, and is responsible for controlling cell growth and reproduction.
What is the difference between passive and active transport across the cell membrane?
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What is the main difference between mitosis and meiosis?
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What is the role of receptors in cell signaling?
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What is the process of photosynthesis, and where does it occur?
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What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in a cell?
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What is the role of lysosomes in a cell?
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What is the function of mitochondria in a cell?
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Study Notes
Cell Biology
Cell Structure
- Plasma membrane: semi-permeable membrane that separates the cell from its environment
- Cytoplasm: gel-like substance inside the cell where metabolic processes occur
- Cytoskeleton: network of filaments that provides structural support and shape to the cell
- Organelles: specialized structures within the cell that perform specific functions
- Nucleus: contains genetic material (DNA)
- Mitochondria: site of cellular respiration (energy production)
- Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): involved in protein synthesis and transport
- Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis
- Lysosomes: contain digestive enzymes for breaking down cellular waste
Cell Membrane Transport
- Passive transport: movement of molecules from high to low concentration without energy input
- Diffusion: random movement of molecules across the membrane
- Osmosis: movement of water molecules across the membrane
- Facilitated diffusion: assisted transport of molecules across the membrane
- Active transport: movement of molecules against their concentration gradient using energy
- Carrier proteins: transport molecules across the membrane
- Pumping: transport of molecules using energy from ATP
Cell Division
- Mitosis: process of cell division that results in two daughter cells with identical DNA
- Interphase: cell grows and prepares for cell division
- Prophase: chromosomes condense and nuclear envelope breaks down
- Metaphase: chromosomes align at the center of the cell
- Anaphase: sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
- Telophase: nuclear envelope reforms and chromosomes uncoil
- Cytokinesis: cytoplasm divides and cell splits
- Meiosis: process of cell division that results in four daughter cells with unique DNA combinations (gametes)
- Similar to mitosis, but with two rounds of cell division and crossing over of chromosomes
Cell Signaling
- Signal transduction: process of transmitting signals from outside the cell to inside the cell
- Receptors: proteins on the cell surface that bind to signaling molecules
- Signal transduction pathways: series of molecular interactions that transmit signals
- Response: cell's response to the signal, such as changes in gene expression or protein activity
Cellular Processes
- Photosynthesis: process of converting light energy into chemical energy
- Occurs in chloroplasts, organelles found in plant cells
- Cellular respiration: process of generating energy from glucose
- Occurs in mitochondria, found in all eukaryotic cells
Cell Biology
Cell Structure
- The plasma membrane is semi-permeable, separating the cell from its environment
- Cytoplasm is a gel-like substance inside the cell where metabolic processes occur
- The cytoskeleton is a network of filaments providing structural support and shape to the cell
- Organelles are specialized structures within the cell with specific functions
Organelles
- The nucleus contains genetic material (DNA)
- Mitochondria are the site of cellular respiration (energy production)
- The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is involved in protein synthesis and transport
- Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis
- Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes for breaking down cellular waste
Cell Membrane Transport
Passive Transport
- Diffusion is the random movement of molecules across the membrane
- Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across the membrane
- Facilitated diffusion is the assisted transport of molecules across the membrane
Active Transport
- Carrier proteins transport molecules across the membrane
- Pumping is the transport of molecules using energy from ATP
Cell Division
Mitosis
- Interphase: cell grows and prepares for cell division
- Prophase: chromosomes condense and nuclear envelope breaks down
- Metaphase: chromosomes align at the center of the cell
- Anaphase: sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
- Telophase: nuclear envelope reforms and chromosomes uncoil
- Cytokinesis: cytoplasm divides and cell splits
Meiosis
- Similar to mitosis, but with two rounds of cell division and crossing over of chromosomes
- Results in four daughter cells with unique DNA combinations (gametes)
Cell Signaling
- Signal transduction is the process of transmitting signals from outside the cell to inside the cell
- Receptors are proteins on the cell surface that bind to signaling molecules
- Signal transduction pathways are series of molecular interactions that transmit signals
- Response: cell's response to the signal, such as changes in gene expression or protein activity
Cellular Processes
Photosynthesis
- Occurs in chloroplasts, organelles found in plant cells
- Converts light energy into chemical energy
Cellular Respiration
- Occurs in mitochondria, found in all eukaryotic cells
- Generates energy from glucose
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Description
Learn about the basic components of a cell, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, and organelles. Understand the functions of each organelle, such as the nucleus and mitochondria.
