Biology: Cell Structure

Study Notes

Plasma Membrane: Semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cell, regulating what enters and leaves.
Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance inside the cell where metabolic processes take place.
Nucleus: Controls cell growth and division, contains most of the cell's genetic material (DNA).
Mitochondria: Produces energy for the cell through cellular respiration.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Network of membranous tubules and cisternae involved in protein synthesis, lipid synthesis, and detoxification.
Ribosomes: Found throughout the cytoplasm, responsible for protein synthesis.
Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes that break down and recycle cellular waste and foreign substances.
Golgi Apparatus: Modifies and packages proteins and lipids for transport out of the cell.

Selective Permeability: Allows certain substances to pass through while keeping others out.
Active Transport: Uses energy to move substances against their concentration gradient.
Passive Transport: Moves substances down their concentration gradient, requiring no energy.

Mitosis: Process of cell division that results in two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
Meiosis: Process of cell division that results in four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell, occurring in gamete production.

ER and Ribosomes: Work together to synthesize and transport proteins.
Golgi Apparatus and ER: Collaborate to modify and package proteins and lipids for transport.
Lysosomes and Cell Membrane: Interact to break down and recycle cellular waste and foreign substances.

The plasma membrane is a semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cell, regulating what enters and leaves.
Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance inside the cell where metabolic processes take place.
The nucleus controls cell growth and division, containing most of the cell's genetic material (DNA).
Mitochondria produce energy for the cell through cellular respiration.
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of membranous tubules and cisternae involved in protein synthesis, lipid synthesis, and detoxification.
Ribosomes are found throughout the cytoplasm and are responsible for protein synthesis.
Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that break down and recycle cellular waste and foreign substances.
The Golgi apparatus modifies and packages proteins and lipids for transport out of the cell.

The cell membrane exhibits selective permeability, allowing certain substances to pass through while keeping others out.
Active transport uses energy to move substances against their concentration gradient.
Passive transport moves substances down their concentration gradient, requiring no energy.

Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
Meiosis is the process of cell division that results in four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell, occurring in gamete production.

The ER and ribosomes work together to synthesize and transport proteins.
The Golgi apparatus and ER collaborate to modify and package proteins and lipids for transport.
Lysosomes and the cell membrane interact to break down and recycle cellular waste and foreign substances.