Cell Structure: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

  • Mode of reproduction
  • Type of ribosomes
  • Lack of nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (correct)
  • Size of the cell

    • What is the shape of DNA in prokaryotic cells?

  • Spiral
  • Helical
  • Linear
  • Circular (correct)

    • Which of the following is a characteristic of eukaryotic cells?

  • Asexuality
  • Binary fission
  • 70S ribosomes
  • Membrane-bound organelles (correct)

    • What is the function of vacuoles in plant cells?

    <p>Waste removal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the cytoskeleton in prokaryotes?

    <p>Made of analogous proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Unicellularity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of ribosomes in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Binary fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the size range of prokaryotic cells?

    <p>0.1-5 micrometers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of plant cells?

    <p>Cell walls made of cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the lysogenic cycle?

    <p>Integration of phage genome into bacterial chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the transition from the lysogenic cycle to the lytic cycle?

    <p>UV light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fifth step of the lytic cycle?

    <p>Lysis of the host cell and release of new virus particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the empty phage particle that remains outside the host bacteria?

    <p>Ghost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the prophage in the lysogenic cycle?

    <p>To elicit changes in certain phenotypes of the host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step of the lytic cycle?

    <p>Adsorption (phage attachment)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the lysogenic cycle in terms of progeny virus particles?

    <p>No progeny virus particles are produced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the integration of the phage genome into the bacterial chromosome?

    <p>Prophage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the transition from the lysogenic to the lytic cycle?

    <p>The production of new virus particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of phage genome integration into the bacterial chromosome?

    <p>Lysogeny</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the central vacuole in plant cells?

    <p>To maintain turgor pressure and store waste products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of the cell wall in plant cells?

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the tonoplast in plant cells?

    <p>To regulate water and waste storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a plant cell being placed in a hypertonic environment?

    <p>The cell shrinks in size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the membrane-bound structure in cells that have a specific job?

    <p>Organelle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which chloroplasts convert light energy into ATP and carbohydrates?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the replication cycle of a virus that results in the killing of the host bacterium?

    <p>Lytic cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phage genome that integrates into the host genome?

    <p>Prophage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the virus that infects bacteria only?

    <p>Bacteriophage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the energy currency used by cells?

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the central vacuole in plant cells?

    <p>To store waste products and maintain turgor pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for providing strength and flexibility to plant cells?

    <p>Cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of a plant cell being placed in a hypotonic environment?

    <p>Turgor pressure develops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the double-membrane bound organelle involved in the production and storage of food?

    <p>Plastid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which chloroplasts convert light energy into ATP and carbohydrates?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the acellular parasitic particles that are considered non-living until they infect their host?

    <p>Viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the replication cycle of a virus that does not harm the host cell?

    <p>Lysogenic cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phage genome that integrates into the host genome?

    <p>Prophage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the virus that infects bacteria only?

    <p>Bacteriophage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the energy currency used by cells?

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells are typically larger and have more complex structures?

    <p>Eukaryotic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of DNA in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Linear and complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of vacuoles in plant cells?

    <p>Storage and recycling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells divide using binary fission?

    <p>Prokaryotic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of eukaryotic cells that is not found in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the size range of eukaryotic cells?

    <p>10-100 micrometers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cell wall in plant cells?

    <p>Supports the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of archaea cells?

    <p>Circular DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Maintains cell shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the lysogenic cycle in terms of progeny virus particles?

    <p>It does not produce any progeny virus particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the transition from the lysogenic cycle to the lytic cycle?

    <p>The presence of certain chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the lytic cycle?

    <p>The production of a large number of progeny virus particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of phage genome integration into the bacterial chromosome?

    <p>Prophage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the empty phage particle that remains outside the host bacteria?

    <p>Ghost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the lysogenic conversion?

    <p>Changes in certain phenotypes of the host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step of the lytic cycle?

    <p>Adsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the prophage in the lysogenic cycle?

    <p>To integrate into the host genome and replicate along with the host genome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the replication cycle of a virus that results in the killing of the host bacterium?

    <p>Lytic cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the lysogenic cycle in terms of time?

    <p>It is a time-consuming process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

    • Prokaryotes are cells that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, including bacteria and archaea.
    • They are smaller and simpler, with a size range of 0.1-5 micrometers, and are unicellular.
    • Prokaryotes have circular DNA, 70S ribosomes, and a cytoskeleton made of analogous proteins.
    • They reproduce asexually and divide using binary fission.

    Eukaryotes

    • Eukaryotes are cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, including plants, animals, and fungi.
    • They are larger and more complex, with a size range of 10-100 micrometers, and can be unicellular or multicellular.
    • Eukaryotes have linear and complex DNA, 80S ribosomes, and a cytoskeleton made of actin, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
    • They can reproduce sexually or asexually and divide using mitosis.

    Plant Cells

    • Plant cells have two essential structures: vacuoles and cell walls.
    • Vacuoles have various functions, including water storage and waste elimination.
    • The central vacuole is a specialized structure that helps maintain turgor pressure in plant cells.
    • Cell walls are composed of cellulose, providing strength and flexibility to the plant cell.
    • Turgor pressure develops only in hypotonic environments.

    Chloroplasts

    • Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant and algae cells, responsible for photosynthesis.
    • They have two membranes, with an inner membrane containing aqueous stroma and thylakoid structures.
    • Chloroplasts use photosynthesis to convert light into ATP and carbohydrates for energy.

    Viruses and Replication Cycles

    • Viruses are acellular parasitic particles that are non-living until they invade their host for growth and reproduction.
    • Bacteriophages (phages) are a type of virus that infects bacteria only.
    • Phages have a capsid head enclosing nucleic acid genome, connecting tail sheath, and tail fibers attached at the bottom of the sheath.
    • Phages can undergo both lytic and lysogenic cycles.

    Lytic Cycle

    • Lytic cycle phages are called temperate or non-virulent phages.
    • Lytic cycle results in the killing of the host bacterium by cell lysis.
    • Phage genome replication occurs independently of the host DNA replication.
    • Phage genome productivity is high in the lytic cycle.

    Lysogenic Cycle

    • Lysogenic cycle phages are called virulent phages.
    • Lysogenic cycle does not harm the host cell.
    • Phage genome integrates into the host genome and is called prophage.
    • Phage genome replication occurs along with the host DNA replication.
    • Phage genome productivity is low in the lysogenic cycle.
    • Lysogenic cycle can sometimes transition into lytic cycle upon induction.

    Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

    • Prokaryotes are cells that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, including bacteria and archaea.
    • They are smaller and simpler, with a size range of 0.1-5 micrometers, and are unicellular.
    • Prokaryotes have circular DNA, 70S ribosomes, and a cytoskeleton made of analogous proteins.
    • They reproduce asexually and divide using binary fission.

    Eukaryotes

    • Eukaryotes are cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, including plants, animals, and fungi.
    • They are larger and more complex, with a size range of 10-100 micrometers, and can be unicellular or multicellular.
    • Eukaryotes have linear and complex DNA, 80S ribosomes, and a cytoskeleton made of actin, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
    • They can reproduce sexually or asexually and divide using mitosis.

    Plant Cells

    • Plant cells have two essential structures: vacuoles and cell walls.
    • Vacuoles have various functions, including water storage and waste elimination.
    • The central vacuole is a specialized structure that helps maintain turgor pressure in plant cells.
    • Cell walls are composed of cellulose, providing strength and flexibility to the plant cell.
    • Turgor pressure develops only in hypotonic environments.

    Chloroplasts

    • Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant and algae cells, responsible for photosynthesis.
    • They have two membranes, with an inner membrane containing aqueous stroma and thylakoid structures.
    • Chloroplasts use photosynthesis to convert light into ATP and carbohydrates for energy.

    Viruses and Replication Cycles

    • Viruses are acellular parasitic particles that are non-living until they invade their host for growth and reproduction.
    • Bacteriophages (phages) are a type of virus that infects bacteria only.
    • Phages have a capsid head enclosing nucleic acid genome, connecting tail sheath, and tail fibers attached at the bottom of the sheath.
    • Phages can undergo both lytic and lysogenic cycles.

    Lytic Cycle

    • Lytic cycle phages are called temperate or non-virulent phages.
    • Lytic cycle results in the killing of the host bacterium by cell lysis.
    • Phage genome replication occurs independently of the host DNA replication.
    • Phage genome productivity is high in the lytic cycle.

    Lysogenic Cycle

    • Lysogenic cycle phages are called virulent phages.
    • Lysogenic cycle does not harm the host cell.
    • Phage genome integrates into the host genome and is called prophage.
    • Phage genome replication occurs along with the host DNA replication.
    • Phage genome productivity is low in the lysogenic cycle.
    • Lysogenic cycle can sometimes transition into lytic cycle upon induction.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including their size, complexity, and organelles. Learn about the characteristics of bacteria, archaea, plants, animals, and fungi.

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