60 Questions
What is the primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Lack of nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
What is the shape of DNA in prokaryotic cells?
Circular
Which of the following is a characteristic of eukaryotic cells?
Membrane-bound organelles
What is the function of vacuoles in plant cells?
Waste removal
What is the characteristic of the cytoskeleton in prokaryotes?
Made of analogous proteins
Which of the following is a characteristic of prokaryotic cells?
Unicellularity
What is the function of ribosomes in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Protein synthesis
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of eukaryotic cells?
Binary fission
What is the size range of prokaryotic cells?
0.1-5 micrometers
Which of the following is a characteristic of plant cells?
Cell walls made of cellulose
What is the result of the lysogenic cycle?
Integration of phage genome into bacterial chromosome
What triggers the transition from the lysogenic cycle to the lytic cycle?
UV light
What is the fifth step of the lytic cycle?
Lysis of the host cell and release of new virus particles
What is the term for the empty phage particle that remains outside the host bacteria?
Ghost
What is the purpose of the prophage in the lysogenic cycle?
To elicit changes in certain phenotypes of the host
What is the first step of the lytic cycle?
Adsorption (phage attachment)
What is the outcome of the lysogenic cycle in terms of progeny virus particles?
No progeny virus particles are produced
What is the term for the integration of the phage genome into the bacterial chromosome?
Prophage
What is the result of the transition from the lysogenic to the lytic cycle?
The production of new virus particles
What is the term for the process of phage genome integration into the bacterial chromosome?
Lysogeny
What is the main function of the central vacuole in plant cells?
To maintain turgor pressure and store waste products
What is the main component of the cell wall in plant cells?
Cellulose
What is the purpose of the tonoplast in plant cells?
To regulate water and waste storage
What is the result of a plant cell being placed in a hypertonic environment?
The cell shrinks in size
What is the term for the membrane-bound structure in cells that have a specific job?
Organelle
What is the process by which chloroplasts convert light energy into ATP and carbohydrates?
Photosynthesis
What is the term for the replication cycle of a virus that results in the killing of the host bacterium?
Lytic cycle
What is the term for the phage genome that integrates into the host genome?
Prophage
What is the term for the virus that infects bacteria only?
Bacteriophage
What is the term for the energy currency used by cells?
ATP
What is the primary function of the central vacuole in plant cells?
To store waste products and maintain turgor pressure
Which structure is responsible for providing strength and flexibility to plant cells?
Cell wall
What is the outcome of a plant cell being placed in a hypotonic environment?
Turgor pressure develops
What is the term for the double-membrane bound organelle involved in the production and storage of food?
Plastid
What is the process by which chloroplasts convert light energy into ATP and carbohydrates?
Photosynthesis
What is the term for the acellular parasitic particles that are considered non-living until they infect their host?
Viruses
What is the term for the replication cycle of a virus that does not harm the host cell?
Lysogenic cycle
What is the term for the phage genome that integrates into the host genome?
Prophage
What is the term for the virus that infects bacteria only?
Bacteriophage
What is the term for the energy currency used by cells?
ATP
Which type of cells are typically larger and have more complex structures?
Eukaryotic cells
What is the shape of DNA in eukaryotic cells?
Linear and complex
What is the function of vacuoles in plant cells?
Storage and recycling
Which type of cells divide using binary fission?
Prokaryotic cells
What is a characteristic of eukaryotic cells that is not found in prokaryotic cells?
Mitochondria
Which of the following is a characteristic of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Ribosomes
What is the size range of eukaryotic cells?
10-100 micrometers
What is the function of the cell wall in plant cells?
Supports the cell
Which of the following is a characteristic of archaea cells?
Circular DNA
What is the function of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells?
Maintains cell shape
What is the characteristic of the lysogenic cycle in terms of progeny virus particles?
It does not produce any progeny virus particles
What triggers the transition from the lysogenic cycle to the lytic cycle?
The presence of certain chemicals
What is the result of the lytic cycle?
The production of a large number of progeny virus particles
What is the term for the process of phage genome integration into the bacterial chromosome?
Prophage
What is the term for the empty phage particle that remains outside the host bacteria?
Ghost
What is the outcome of the lysogenic conversion?
Changes in certain phenotypes of the host
What is the first step of the lytic cycle?
Adsorption
What is the purpose of the prophage in the lysogenic cycle?
To integrate into the host genome and replicate along with the host genome
What is the term for the replication cycle of a virus that results in the killing of the host bacterium?
Lytic cycle
What is the characteristic of the lysogenic cycle in terms of time?
It is a time-consuming process
Study Notes
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
- Prokaryotes are cells that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, including bacteria and archaea.
- They are smaller and simpler, with a size range of 0.1-5 micrometers, and are unicellular.
- Prokaryotes have circular DNA, 70S ribosomes, and a cytoskeleton made of analogous proteins.
- They reproduce asexually and divide using binary fission.
Eukaryotes
- Eukaryotes are cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, including plants, animals, and fungi.
- They are larger and more complex, with a size range of 10-100 micrometers, and can be unicellular or multicellular.
- Eukaryotes have linear and complex DNA, 80S ribosomes, and a cytoskeleton made of actin, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
- They can reproduce sexually or asexually and divide using mitosis.
Plant Cells
- Plant cells have two essential structures: vacuoles and cell walls.
- Vacuoles have various functions, including water storage and waste elimination.
- The central vacuole is a specialized structure that helps maintain turgor pressure in plant cells.
- Cell walls are composed of cellulose, providing strength and flexibility to the plant cell.
- Turgor pressure develops only in hypotonic environments.
Chloroplasts
- Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant and algae cells, responsible for photosynthesis.
- They have two membranes, with an inner membrane containing aqueous stroma and thylakoid structures.
- Chloroplasts use photosynthesis to convert light into ATP and carbohydrates for energy.
Viruses and Replication Cycles
- Viruses are acellular parasitic particles that are non-living until they invade their host for growth and reproduction.
- Bacteriophages (phages) are a type of virus that infects bacteria only.
- Phages have a capsid head enclosing nucleic acid genome, connecting tail sheath, and tail fibers attached at the bottom of the sheath.
- Phages can undergo both lytic and lysogenic cycles.
Lytic Cycle
- Lytic cycle phages are called temperate or non-virulent phages.
- Lytic cycle results in the killing of the host bacterium by cell lysis.
- Phage genome replication occurs independently of the host DNA replication.
- Phage genome productivity is high in the lytic cycle.
Lysogenic Cycle
- Lysogenic cycle phages are called virulent phages.
- Lysogenic cycle does not harm the host cell.
- Phage genome integrates into the host genome and is called prophage.
- Phage genome replication occurs along with the host DNA replication.
- Phage genome productivity is low in the lysogenic cycle.
- Lysogenic cycle can sometimes transition into lytic cycle upon induction.
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
- Prokaryotes are cells that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, including bacteria and archaea.
- They are smaller and simpler, with a size range of 0.1-5 micrometers, and are unicellular.
- Prokaryotes have circular DNA, 70S ribosomes, and a cytoskeleton made of analogous proteins.
- They reproduce asexually and divide using binary fission.
Eukaryotes
- Eukaryotes are cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, including plants, animals, and fungi.
- They are larger and more complex, with a size range of 10-100 micrometers, and can be unicellular or multicellular.
- Eukaryotes have linear and complex DNA, 80S ribosomes, and a cytoskeleton made of actin, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
- They can reproduce sexually or asexually and divide using mitosis.
Plant Cells
- Plant cells have two essential structures: vacuoles and cell walls.
- Vacuoles have various functions, including water storage and waste elimination.
- The central vacuole is a specialized structure that helps maintain turgor pressure in plant cells.
- Cell walls are composed of cellulose, providing strength and flexibility to the plant cell.
- Turgor pressure develops only in hypotonic environments.
Chloroplasts
- Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant and algae cells, responsible for photosynthesis.
- They have two membranes, with an inner membrane containing aqueous stroma and thylakoid structures.
- Chloroplasts use photosynthesis to convert light into ATP and carbohydrates for energy.
Viruses and Replication Cycles
- Viruses are acellular parasitic particles that are non-living until they invade their host for growth and reproduction.
- Bacteriophages (phages) are a type of virus that infects bacteria only.
- Phages have a capsid head enclosing nucleic acid genome, connecting tail sheath, and tail fibers attached at the bottom of the sheath.
- Phages can undergo both lytic and lysogenic cycles.
Lytic Cycle
- Lytic cycle phages are called temperate or non-virulent phages.
- Lytic cycle results in the killing of the host bacterium by cell lysis.
- Phage genome replication occurs independently of the host DNA replication.
- Phage genome productivity is high in the lytic cycle.
Lysogenic Cycle
- Lysogenic cycle phages are called virulent phages.
- Lysogenic cycle does not harm the host cell.
- Phage genome integrates into the host genome and is called prophage.
- Phage genome replication occurs along with the host DNA replication.
- Phage genome productivity is low in the lysogenic cycle.
- Lysogenic cycle can sometimes transition into lytic cycle upon induction.
This quiz covers the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including their size, complexity, and organelles. Learn about the characteristics of bacteria, archaea, plants, animals, and fungi.
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