30 Questions
Which subatomic particle is much lighter than protons and orbits around the nucleus at high speed?
Electrons
What is the atomic number of an atom?
The number of protons in the atom
What are atoms of an element with different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus called?
Isotopes
What is the average mass of an element's atoms called?
Atomic weight
What are atoms or molecules that have an electric charge called?
Ions
What type of bond is created by the electrical attraction between anions and cations?
Ionic bond
What type of covalent bond is formed when electrons are shared equally between atoms?
Nonpolar covalent bond
Which of the following best describes the function of a negative feedback loop in homeostasis?
It maintains a stable internal environment
Which type of bond involves the sharing of electrons between atoms?
Covalent bond
Which of the following best describes the function of enzymes?
They speed up chemical reactions in the body
Which of the following best describes the function of the plasma membrane?
It regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell
Which of the following best describes osmosis?
The movement of water from a hypertonic solution to a hypotonic solution
Which organelle is responsible for producing energy in the cell?
Mitochondria
Which process involves the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?
Diffusion
Which one of the following is NOT a common function of all living things?
Photosynthesis
What is the increase in size of an organism through cell growth or the addition of new cells called?
Growth
What is the sum of all chemical operations occurring in the body and provides energy for other functions?
Metabolism
What is the state of internal balance or stable internal environment that must be maintained for survival called?
Homeostasis
What form of homeostatic regulation corrects variations back to the normal range?
Negative feedback
What reinforces or exaggerates the original stimulus, often involved in potentially dangerous processes?
Positive feedback
What are the anatomical concepts that include anatomical regions, directions, planes, and body cavities of the trunk called?
Anatomical concepts
Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis and can be free or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum?
Ribosomes
What is the control center of the cell and is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope?
Nucleus
Which process is responsible for the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration?
Diffusion
Which type of membrane protects joints?
Synovial membrane
What is the thin layer composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates that surrounds the cell?
Plasma membrane
Which process is responsible for the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane?
Osmosis
What are small projections of the plasma membrane that increase the surface area of cells?
Microvilli
Which type of tissue covers external surfaces?
Epithelial tissue
What is the term for the specialization of cells into different types and the formation of tissues?
Cellular differentiation
Study Notes
Cell Structure and Tissues
- Enzymes catalyze reactions in cells, with substrates binding to the enzyme's active site.
- The plasma membrane is extremely thin (6nm - 10nm) and composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates.
- Transport processes include diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis.
- Osmotic flow is determined by the solute concentration, with isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions affecting the cell's shape.
- The nucleus is the control center of the cell and is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope.
- Microvilli are small projections of the plasma membrane that increase the surface area of cells.
- Cilia are long extensions of the plasma membrane that can be motile or nonmotile, used for movement and sensing signals.
- Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis and can be free or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
- The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of intracellular membranes with functions such as synthesis, storage, transport, and detoxification.
- Mitochondria provide energy for the cell through energy-producing reactions.
- Tumors can be benign or malignant, with the latter spreading through invasion and metastasis.
- Cellular differentiation occurs when specific genes are turned off, leading to the specialization of cells into different types and the formation of tissues.
- Epithelial tissue covers external surfaces, connective tissue provides support, mucous and serous membranes line passageways and cavities, synovial membranes protect joints, muscle tissue allows for contraction, and nervous tissue transmits electrical impulses.
Test your knowledge on cell structure and tissues with this quiz. Learn about enzymes, plasma membrane, transport processes, nucleus, microvilli, cilia, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, tumors, cellular differentiation, and different types of tissues.
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