Cell Structure and Organelles

Cell Membrane: a thin layer of lipid and protein molecules that surrounds the cell and regulates the movement of materials in and out
Cytoplasm: a jelly-like substance inside the cell membrane where metabolic processes take place
Nucleus: the control center of the cell where DNA is stored
Mitochondria: organelles responsible for generating energy for the cell through cellular respiration
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): a network of membranous tubules and cisternae involved in protein synthesis, lipid synthesis, and detoxification
Ribosomes: small organelles found throughout the cytoplasm where protein synthesis takes place
Lysosomes: membrane-bound sacs that contain digestive enzymes and help break down and recycle cellular waste

Metabolism: the process of converting energy and nutrients into the components of life
Photosynthesis: the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy
Cell Signaling: the process by which cells communicate with each other through signaling molecules
Cell Division: the process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells
Cell Death: the process by which a cell dies and is removed from the body

Passive Transport: the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without the use of energy
- Diffusion: the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
- Osmosis: the movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Active Transport: the movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration using energy
- Pumping: the movement of molecules against their concentration gradient using energy

Interphase: the longest stage of the cell cycle where the cell grows, replicates its DNA, and prepares for cell division
Mitosis: the stage of the cell cycle where the cell divides into two daughter cells
Cytokinesis: the stage of the cell cycle where the cytoplasm divides and the cell splits into two daughter cells

Cell membrane is a thin layer of lipid and protein molecules that surrounds the cell and regulates the movement of materials in and out
Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance inside the cell membrane where metabolic processes take place
Nucleus is the control center of the cell where DNA is stored
Mitochondria are organelles responsible for generating energy for the cell through cellular respiration
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is a network of membranous tubules and cisternae involved in protein synthesis, lipid synthesis, and detoxification
Ribosomes are small organelles found throughout the cytoplasm where protein synthesis takes place
Lysosomes are membrane-bound sacs that contain digestive enzymes and help break down and recycle cellular waste

Metabolism is the process of converting energy and nutrients into the components of life
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy
Cell Signaling is the process by which cells communicate with each other through signaling molecules
Cell Division is the process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells
Cell Death is the process by which a cell dies and is removed from the body

Passive Transport is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without the use of energy
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Active Transport is the movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration using energy
Pumping is the movement of molecules against their concentration gradient using energy

Interphase is the longest stage of the cell cycle where the cell grows, replicates its DNA, and prepares for cell division
Mitosis is the stage of the cell cycle where the cell divides into two daughter cells
Cytokinesis is the stage of the cell cycle where the cytoplasm divides and the cell splits into two daughter cells