Cell Biology: Cell Structure

Cell Biology

Cell Structure

• Cell membrane: semi-permeable membrane that regulates what enters and leaves the cell
• Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance inside the cell membrane where metabolic processes occur
• Nucleus: contains genetic material (DNA) and controls cell growth and reproduction
• Mitochondria: generates energy for the cell through cellular respiration
• Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis
• Lysosomes: contains digestive enzymes to break down waste and foreign substances
• Golgi apparatus: modifies and packages proteins for secretion

Cell Functions

• Photosynthesis: process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy
• Cellular respiration: process by which cells generate energy from glucose
• Cell division: process by which cells reproduce and grow
• Active transport: movement of molecules against concentration gradient using energy
• Passive transport: movement of molecules along concentration gradient without energy

Cell Transport

• Diffusion: movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration
• Osmosis: movement of water molecules from high concentration to low concentration
• Active transport: uses energy to move molecules against concentration gradient

Chemistry

Atomic Structure

• Proton: positively charged particle in the nucleus
• Neutron: neutral particle in the nucleus
• Electron: negatively charged particle that orbits the nucleus
• Atomic number: number of protons in the nucleus
• Mass number: sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

Chemical Bonding

• Ionic bond: transfer of electrons between atoms to form ions
• Covalent bond: sharing of electrons between atoms
• Molecular bond: bond between atoms in a molecule
• Electrolyte: substance that conducts electricity when dissolved in water

Chemical Reactions

• Chemical equation: representation of a chemical reaction using symbols and formulas
• Reactants: substances that react to form products
• Products: substances formed as a result of a chemical reaction
• Activation energy: energy required to start a chemical reaction
• Catalyst: substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed

Cell Biology

Cell Structure

• The cell membrane is a semi-permeable membrane that regulates what enters and leaves the cell.
• Cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance inside the cell membrane where metabolic processes occur.
• The nucleus contains genetic material (DNA) and controls cell growth and reproduction.
• Mitochondria generate energy for the cell through cellular respiration.
• Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis.
• Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes to break down waste and foreign substances.
• The Golgi apparatus modifies and packages proteins for secretion.

Cell Functions

• Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy.
• Cellular respiration is the process by which cells generate energy from glucose.
• Cell division is the process by which cells reproduce and grow.
• Active transport is the movement of molecules against a concentration gradient using energy.
• Passive transport is the movement of molecules along a concentration gradient without energy.

Cell Transport

• Diffusion is the movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration.
• Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from high concentration to low concentration.
• Active transport uses energy to move molecules against a concentration gradient.

Chemistry

Atomic Structure

• A proton is a positively charged particle in the nucleus.
• A neutron is a neutral particle in the nucleus.
• An electron is a negatively charged particle that orbits the nucleus.
• The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus.
• The mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

Chemical Bonding

• An ionic bond is the transfer of electrons between atoms to form ions.
• A covalent bond is the sharing of electrons between atoms.
• A molecular bond is a bond between atoms in a molecule.
• An electrolyte is a substance that conducts electricity when dissolved in water.

Chemical Reactions

• A chemical equation is a representation of a chemical reaction using symbols and formulas.
• Reactants are substances that react to form products.
• Products are substances formed as a result of a chemical reaction.
• Activation energy is the energy required to start a chemical reaction.
• A catalyst is a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed.