Cell Biology: Cell Structure

Prokaryotic cells: lack a true nucleus, have a single circular chromosome
Eukaryotic cells: have a true nucleus, multiple linear chromosomes
Cell membrane: semi-permeable, regulates what enters and leaves the cell
Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance inside the cell membrane, site of metabolic reactions
Organelles:
- Nucleus: stores genetic information
- Mitochondria: generates energy for the cell
- Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): involved in protein synthesis and transport
- Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis
- Lysosomes: contains digestive enzymes, breaks down and recycles cellular waste
- Golgi apparatus: modifies and packages proteins and lipids for transport

Cellular respiration: process of generating energy from glucose, occurs in mitochondria
- Aerobic respiration: uses oxygen, produces ATP
- Anaerobic respiration: does not use oxygen, produces lactic acid or ethanol
Photosynthesis: process of generating energy from sunlight, occurs in chloroplasts
- Light-dependent reactions: generate ATP and NADPH
- Light-independent reactions: use ATP and NADPH to produce glucose
Cell signaling: process of communication between cells, involves receptors and signaling pathways
Cell division: process of cell growth and reproduction, includes mitosis and cytokinesis

Passive transport: movement of molecules from high to low concentration, no energy required
- Diffusion: random movement of molecules
- Osmosis: movement of water molecules
Active transport: movement of molecules from low to high concentration, energy required
- Carrier proteins: transport molecules across the cell membrane
- Pumping mechanisms: use energy to transport molecules against their concentration gradient

Interphase: cell grows, replicates DNA, and prepares for cell division
Mitosis: process of cell division, results in two identical daughter cells
- Prophase: chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope breaks down
- Metaphase: chromosomes align at the center of the cell
- Anaphase: sister chromatids separate
- Telophase: nuclear envelope reforms, chromosomes uncoil
Cytokinesis: process of cell division, results in two separate daughter cells
- Cleavage: cell divides into two daughter cells
- Cytokinesis in animal cells: involves the formation of a cleavage furrow
- Cytokinesis in plant cells: involves the formation of a cell plate

Prokaryotic cells lack a true nucleus and have a single circular chromosome.
Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus and multiple linear chromosomes.
The cell membrane is semi-permeable and regulates what enters and leaves the cell.
Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance inside the cell membrane, where metabolic reactions occur.

Cellular respiration is the process of generating energy from glucose, occurring in mitochondria.
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen, producing ATP.
Anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen, producing lactic acid or ethanol.

Photosynthesis is the process of generating energy from sunlight, occurring in chloroplasts.
Light-dependent reactions generate ATP and NADPH.
Light-independent reactions use ATP and NADPH to produce glucose.

Cell signaling is the process of communication between cells, involving receptors and signaling pathways.
Cell division is the process of cell growth and reproduction, including mitosis and cytokinesis.

Passive transport is the movement of molecules from high to low concentration, requiring no energy.
Diffusion is the random movement of molecules.
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules.

Active transport is the movement of molecules from low to high concentration, requiring energy.
Carrier proteins transport molecules across the cell membrane.
Pumping mechanisms use energy to transport molecules against their concentration gradient.

Interphase is the phase where the cell grows, replicates DNA, and prepares for cell division.

Mitosis is the process of cell division, resulting in two identical daughter cells.
Prophase: chromosomes condense, and the nuclear envelope breaks down.
Metaphase: chromosomes align at the center of the cell.
Anaphase: sister chromatids separate.
Telophase: the nuclear envelope reforms, and chromosomes uncoil.

Cytokinesis is the process of cell division, resulting in two separate daughter cells.
Cleavage: the cell divides into two daughter cells.
Cytokinesis in animal cells involves the formation of a cleavage furrow.
Cytokinesis in plant cells involves the formation of a cell plate.