Cell Structure and Living Organisms Characteristics

• Biology test notes covering characteristics of living organisms and cell structure

Plant Cell Structure

• Contains rough endoplasmic reticulum
• Contains smooth endoplasmic reticulum
• Includes golgi apparatus
• Contains microtubules
• Includes a nucleus
• Contains ribosomes
• Contains microbody
• Includes a cell wall
• Contains mitochondria
• Includes cytoplasm
• Contains chloroplast
• Contains golgi complex
• Includes a vacuole

Animal Cell Structure

• Contains: vacuole, centrioles, nuclear membrane, microvilli, plasma membrane, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, rough endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, nucleolus, mitochondria, nucleus, ribosome

Characteristics of Living Organisms

• Nutrition: Organisms need nutrients for energy and growth
• Respiration: Process of releasing energy from food
• Excretion: Removal of waste products
• Response to Surroundings: Ability to react to environmental changes
• Movement: Organisms move towards resources and away from dangers
• Reproduction: Producing offspring to ensure species survival, can be done asexually
• Growth and Development: Organisms grow into adult forms
• Cells: Building blocks of all living organisms

Cell Types and Structures

• Eukaryotic Cells: Complex cells with membrane-bound organelles
• Prokaryotic: Simpler cells without membrane-bound organelles
• Organelles: Tiny structures within cells that perform specific functions
• Nucleus: Contains genetic material controlling cell activities
• Cell Membrane: Controls substances entering and exiting the cell
• Cytoplasm: Gel-like substance where chemical reactions occur
• Mitochondria: Organelles where aerobic respiration occurs
• Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis in the cell
• Chloroplasts: Organelles for photosynthesis in plant cells
• Cell Wall: Rigid structure providing support to plant cells
• Vacuole: Contains cell sap, supporting plant cell structure

Tissues, Organs, and Systems

• Tissue: Group of similar cells performing a specific function
• Xylem Tissue: Transports water and minerals in plants
• Phloem Tissue: Transports sucrose and amino acids in plants
• Organ: Group of tissues performing a specific function
• Organ Systems: Groups of organs working together to perform functions
• Digestive System: Organ system for processing food in mammals

Cell Specialization and Differentiation

• Plant Cells: Cells with rigid walls and chloroplasts
• Animal Cells: Cells lacking cell walls, are more flexible
• Cell Specialization: Cells develop unique structures for specific functions
• Red Blood Cells: Specialized for oxygen transport in blood
• White Blood Cells: Specialized for immune defense against diseases
• Cell Differentiation: Process where cells become specialized for functions
• Stem Cells: Undifferentiated cells capable of becoming any cell type
• Embryonic Stem Cells: Stem cells from embryos that can differentiate into any cell
• Adult Stem Cells: Limited stem cells found in adults, with specific functions
• Bone Marrow: Tissue producing blood cells, a source of adult stem cells
• Cloning: Producing genetically identical cells from stem cells
• Insulin-Producing Cells: Cells created for diabetes treatment using stem cells
• Nerve Cells: Cells that transmit signals in the nervous system
• Cell Contamination: Risk of viruses in lab-grown stem cells
• Multicellular Organisms: Organisms composed of multiple specialized cells
• Single-Celled Organisms: Organisms consisting of a single cell

Stem Cells - Advantages

• Stem Cells can potentially cure various dieseases and injuries
• Potato Cylinder Experiment: Measures osmosis using varying sugar solution concentrations

Explore cell structures in plants and animals, including organelles like endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and mitochondria. Learn about essential life processes: nutrition, respiration, excretion, environmental response and movement.