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Questions and Answers
What does the Cell Theory state?
What does the Cell Theory state?
Eukaryotic cells do not contain ribosomes.
Eukaryotic cells do not contain ribosomes.
False
What type of microscope provides up to 1,000,000x magnification?
What type of microscope provides up to 1,000,000x magnification?
Electron microscope
The _____ controls what enters and leaves the cell.
The _____ controls what enters and leaves the cell.
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Match the following types of cells with their categories:
Match the following types of cells with their categories:
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Which component is NOT part of the plasma membrane?
Which component is NOT part of the plasma membrane?
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Prokaryotic cells have their DNA within a nuclear envelope.
Prokaryotic cells have their DNA within a nuclear envelope.
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What is the function of ribosomes?
What is the function of ribosomes?
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What type of molecules can easily pass through the lipid bilayer?
What type of molecules can easily pass through the lipid bilayer?
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Integral proteins are only temporarily attached to the membrane.
Integral proteins are only temporarily attached to the membrane.
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What is the primary function of the glycocalyx in bacterial cells?
What is the primary function of the glycocalyx in bacterial cells?
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What is the main function of the nucleolus?
What is the main function of the nucleolus?
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Cells in a solution with equal concentrations on both sides of the membrane are in a state called __________.
Cells in a solution with equal concentrations on both sides of the membrane are in a state called __________.
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The rough endoplasmic reticulum is characterized by the absence of ribosomes.
The rough endoplasmic reticulum is characterized by the absence of ribosomes.
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What substance is formed when DNA is associated with histones?
What substance is formed when DNA is associated with histones?
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Which transport method requires energy to move substances across the plasma membrane?
Which transport method requires energy to move substances across the plasma membrane?
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The _______ apparatus is responsible for modifying, sorting, and transporting proteins.
The _______ apparatus is responsible for modifying, sorting, and transporting proteins.
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Match the types of transport with their definitions:
Match the types of transport with their definitions:
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Match the following cell structures with their primary functions:
Match the following cell structures with their primary functions:
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Peripheral proteins are permanently embedded in the membrane.
Peripheral proteins are permanently embedded in the membrane.
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Where is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum especially abundant?
Where is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum especially abundant?
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What term describes the side of the membrane with a higher concentration of a solute?
What term describes the side of the membrane with a higher concentration of a solute?
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The Golgi apparatus is absent in red blood cells.
The Golgi apparatus is absent in red blood cells.
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What are the two types of chromatin mentioned?
What are the two types of chromatin mentioned?
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What is the main function of the Golgi Apparatus?
What is the main function of the Golgi Apparatus?
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Lysosomes only contain one type of enzyme for breaking down molecules.
Lysosomes only contain one type of enzyme for breaking down molecules.
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What is the main function of the mitochondria?
What is the main function of the mitochondria?
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The __________ are responsible for organizing the cytoskeleton and developing microtubules during mitosis.
The __________ are responsible for organizing the cytoskeleton and developing microtubules during mitosis.
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Match the following organelles with their primary function:
Match the following organelles with their primary function:
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Which component forms the basic structure of the plasma membrane?
Which component forms the basic structure of the plasma membrane?
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Flagella are shorter and more numerous than cilia.
Flagella are shorter and more numerous than cilia.
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What is one of the functions of vacuoles in plant cells?
What is one of the functions of vacuoles in plant cells?
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Which type of diffusion requires no assistance from membrane proteins?
Which type of diffusion requires no assistance from membrane proteins?
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Facilitated diffusion occurs when molecules move against their concentration gradient.
Facilitated diffusion occurs when molecules move against their concentration gradient.
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What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump?
What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump?
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During __________, the plasma membrane surrounds a particle to bring it into the cell.
During __________, the plasma membrane surrounds a particle to bring it into the cell.
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Match the following types of transport with their descriptions:
Match the following types of transport with their descriptions:
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What is the direction of water movement during osmosis?
What is the direction of water movement during osmosis?
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Active transport requires energy to move molecules against their concentration gradient.
Active transport requires energy to move molecules against their concentration gradient.
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What characterizes facilitated diffusion?
What characterizes facilitated diffusion?
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Study Notes
Cell Structure and Function
- Cells are the fundamental units of all living organisms.
- All cells come from preexisting cells (“omni cellula ex cellula”).
- Cells have a complex structure with different organelles performing specific functions.
- Different types of cells have different structures and functions to meet diverse needs within a multicellular organism.
- Microscopes are essential tools for studying cell structure.
- The development of microscopes in the 17th century led to fundamental discoveries in biology.
Important Scientists and Dates
- 1665: Robert Hooke observed empty spaces in cork cells using a microscope. The term “cell” was coined.
- 1673: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek built a 300x microscope and observed various types of cells.
- 1831: Robert Brown identified the cell nucleus.
- 1838: Matthias Schleiden concluded that plants are composed of cells, considering them the basic unit of plant life.
- 1839: Theodor Schwann concluded that animals are also composed of cells, extending the concept of cellular composition to all living things.
- 1858: Rudolf Virchow proposed that all cells come from existing cells.
The Cell Theory
- All living things are made of cells.
- Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life.
- All cells come from pre-existing cells.
Types of Microscopes
- Light microscope: Magnification up to 1000x, resolution up to 0.2 µm.
- Electron microscope: Magnification up to 1,000,000x, resolution up to 0.2 nm. Subtypes include Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
Parts of a Microscope
- Body tube: Connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses.
- Nosepiece: Holds the objective lenses.
- Objective lenses (low, medium, high power): Magnify the image
- Stage: Supports the slide being viewed.
- Stage clips: Hold the slide in place on the stage.
- Diaphragm: Controls the amount of light entering the specimen.
- Light source: Illuminates the specimen.
- Arm: Supports the microscope.
- Coarse adjustment knob: Makes large adjustments to focus.
- Fine adjustment knob: Makes small adjustments for precise focus.
- Base: Supports the entire microscope.
- Eyepiece: The lens you look through.
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
- Prokaryotic: Lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; possess a single circular chromosome (DNA)
- Eukaryotic: Possess a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; have multiple linear chromosomes
- Examples of Prokaryotic: Bacteria, Archaea
- Examples of Eukaryotic: Plants, animals, fungi, protists
Cell Organelles (General)
- All cells have a plasma membrane (outer boundary), cytoplasm (internal fluid), ribosomes (protein synthesis machinery), and DNA (genetic material).
Cell Organelles (Specific examples of Plant and Animal cells)
- Nucleus: DNA storage, RNA synthesis
- Ribosomes: Protein synthesis
- Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): Rough ER: protein synthesis, modification; Smooth ER: lipid synthesis, detoxification
- Golgi apparatus: Modifies, packages, and transports proteins
- Mitochondria: Cellular respiration (energy production)
- Chloroplasts (Plants): Photosynthesis
- Vacuoles (Plants): Storage, support
- Lysosomes (Animals): Intracellular digestion
- Centrioles (Animals): Cell division
- Cilia and Flagella: Movement
- Peroxisomes: Detoxification, oxidation
Transport across the Plasma Membrane
- Passive Transport: Substances move from high to low concentration without energy
- Diffusion (Simple and Facilitated): Substances moving across the membrane down the concentration gradient
- Osmosis: Water moving across the membrane down the concentration gradient
- Active Transport: Substances move from low to high concentration needing energy
- Pumps: Integral proteins to move substances across the membrane
- Bulk Transport (Endocytosis & Exocytosis): Moving large substances in or out of the cell
Membrane Components
- Phospholipid bilayer: Fluid mosaic model. Selectively permeable membrane.
- Proteins: Integral and peripheral proteins. Proteins embedded within the membrane, providing channels or receptors.
- Cholesterol: Regulates membrane fluidity, important for stability.
- Glycocalyx: Protective coating on the outer surface of the cell. Important for recognition between cells.
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Description
Test your knowledge on cell structure and the pivotal role of microscopes in biology. Learn about essential scientists and their discoveries that shaped our understanding of cells. This quiz covers fundamental concepts related to living organisms and cell theory.
