Cell Physiology: Plasma Membrane and Organelles
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Questions and Answers

Which structure consists of two layers of phospholipids with proteins and sugars embedded in them?

  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • Nuclear envelope
  • Mitochondria
  • Plasma membrane (correct)

    • What type of molecule makes up the hydrophilic heads of the phospholipid bilayer in the plasma membrane?

  • Proteins
  • Phospholipids (correct)
  • Sugars
  • Cholesterol

    • Which organelle is responsible for aligning the hydrophilic heads on the outer surfaces of the plasma membrane?

  • Nucleus
  • Lysosomes
  • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus (correct)

    • What type of molecule is present in addition to phospholipids in the plasma membrane?

    <p>Cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure provides channels that allow the passage of electrolytes and non-lipid soluble substances across the plasma membrane?

    <p>Membrane proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the phospholipid molecule is hydrophobic and water-hating?

    <p>Tail</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the plasma membrane?

    <p>Controlling selective entry and exit of substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the membrane's permeability?

    <p>Particle size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is NOT associated with membrane proteins?

    <p>Synthesizing ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of transport involves substances moving down their concentration gradient without using energy?

    <p>Facilitated diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines osmosis?

    <p>Active water movement across a semipermeable membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process utilizes chemical energy to move substances against their concentration gradient?

    <p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of bulk transport?

    <p>Engulfing large particles for digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for synthesizing ATP?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?

    <p>Endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of cells do mature erythrocytes lack a nucleus?

    <p>Muscle fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the passive movement of ions along their concentration gradient?

    <p>Facilitated diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of lysosomes in a cell?

    <p>Digestion of large particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is described as the 'power house' of the cell?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of ribosomes in a cell?

    <p>Synthesizing proteins from amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of endoplasmic reticulum is associated with the synthesis of lipids and steroid hormones?

    <p>Smooth endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of lysosomes in a cell?

    <p>Breaking down fragments of organelles and large molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the genetic material in the form of DNA found in a cell?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is involved in the synthesis and assembly of the components of ribosomes?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in a cell?

    <p>Synthesizing lipids and steroid hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is present in all cells but is larger in those that synthesize and export proteins?

    <p>Golgi apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mitochondria in a cell?

    <p>Central to aerobic respiration and ATP production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are lysosomes primarily responsible for in a cell?

    <p>Digestion of foreign material such as microbes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for synthesizing ATP?

    <p>Rough endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in a cell?

    <p>Lipid and steroid hormone synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure provides channels that allow the passage of electrolytes and non-lipid soluble substances across the plasma membrane?

    <p>Membrane proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecule makes up the hydrophilic heads of the phospholipid bilayer in the plasma membrane?

    <p>Carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of lysosomes in a cell?

    <p>Waste digestion and recycling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of cells do mature erythrocytes lack a nucleus?

    <p>Red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the plasma membrane in a cell?

    <p>Controlling the selective entry and exit of substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the passive movement of water across a semipermeable membrane?

    <p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of ribosomes in a cell?

    <p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the genetic material in the form of DNA found in a cell?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the phospholipid molecule is hydrophobic and water-hating?

    <p>Hydrophobic tails</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is NOT associated with membrane proteins?

    <p>Synthesizing ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecule makes up the hydrophilic heads of the phospholipid bilayer in the plasma membrane?

    <p>Phosphates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines osmosis?

    <p>Passive water movement across a semipermeable membrane, following a concentration gradient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of bulk transport in a cell?

    <p>Engulfing large particles for digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure consists of two layers of phospholipids with proteins and sugars embedded in them?

    <p>Plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for aligning the hydrophilic heads on the outer surfaces of the plasma membrane?

    <p>Golgi apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecule makes up the hydrophilic heads of the phospholipid bilayer in the plasma membrane?

    <p>Carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the genetic material in the form of DNA found in a cell?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in a cell?

    <p>Synthesis of lipids and steroid hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of lysosomes in a cell?

    <p>Breakdown of large molecules into smaller particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for synthesizing ATP?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of ribosomes in a cell?

    <p>'Synthesizing proteins from amino acids using RNA as the template'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of cells do mature erythrocytes lack a nucleus?

    <p>Muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in a cell?

    <p>Synthesis of lipids and steroid hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of transport involves substances moving down their concentration gradient without using energy?

    <p>Facilitated diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the membrane's permeability?

    <p>The types of proteins embedded in it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (with ribosomes) in a cell?

    <p>Synthesizing lipids and steroid hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the genetic material in the form of DNA found in a cell?

    <p>Nucleolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of transport involves substances moving down their concentration gradient without using energy?

    <p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure consists of two layers of phospholipids with proteins and sugars embedded in them?

    <p>Plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecule makes up the hydrophilic heads of the phospholipid bilayer in the plasma membrane?

    <p>Phospholipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for synthesizing ATP?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the plasma membrane?

    <p>Forming channels for substance transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for aligning the hydrophilic heads on the outer surfaces of the plasma membrane?

    <p>Golgi apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecule makes up the hydrophilic heads of the phospholipid bilayer in the plasma membrane?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of ribosomes in a cell?

    <p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is NOT associated with membrane proteins?

    <p>Enzyme digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the membrane's permeability?

    <p>Particle size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of lysosomes in a cell?

    <p>Digesting large particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the genetic material in the form of DNA found in a cell?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is involved in the synthesis and assembly of the components of ribosomes?

    <p>Endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of bulk transport in a cell?

    <p>Engulfing large particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the phospholipid molecule is hydrophobic and water-hating?

    <p>Fatty acid tails</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of cells do mature erythrocytes lack a nucleus?

    <p>Muscle fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nucleus in a cell?

    <p>Containing genetic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for synthesizing ATP in the cell?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of rough endoplasmic reticulum in a cell?

    <p>Synthesis of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is described as the 'power house' of the cell?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of lysosomes in a cell?

    <p>Digestion of particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the genetic material in the form of DNA found in a cell?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in a cell?

    <p>Synthesizing lipids and steroid hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis in a cell?

    <p>Ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of Golgi apparatus in a cell?

    <p>Exporting proteins from the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of exocytosis in a cell?

    <p>Exporting proteins from the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of ribosomes in a cell?

    <p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of bulk transport across plasma membranes in a cell?

    <p>Distribute nutrients and waste across cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the plasma membrane in a cell?

    <p>Regulating the intracellular environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for aligning the hydrophilic heads on the outer surfaces of the plasma membrane?

    <p>Golgi apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecule makes up the hydrophilic heads of the phospholipid bilayer in the plasma membrane?

    <p>Carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of endoplasmic reticulum is associated with the synthesis of lipids and steroid hormones?

    <p>Smooth endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of lysosomes in a cell?

    <p>Breaking down cellular waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of ribosomes in a cell?

    <p>Assisting in protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump in a cell?

    <p>Moving substances against their concentration gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the passive movement of water across a semipermeable membrane?

    <p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?

    <p>Modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the cytoskeleton in a cell?

    <p>Assisting in cellular movement and maintaining cell shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for engulfing and digesting particles too large to cross cell membranes?

    <p>Lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ribosomes in a cell?

    <p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure provides channels that allow the passage of electrolytes and non-lipid soluble substances across the plasma membrane?

    <p>Membrane proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of transport involves substances moving down their concentration gradient without using energy?

    <p>Facilitated diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of lysosomes in a cell?

    <p>Digesting particles through bulk transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in a cell?

    <p>Lipid and steroid hormone synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines osmosis?

    <p>The passive movement of water across a semipermeable membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the membrane's permeability?

    <p>Particle size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nucleus in a cell?

    <p>Directing all metabolic activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is described as the 'power house' of the cell?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in a cell?

    <p>Manufacturing proteins for export</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the genetic material in the form of DNA found in a cell?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of lysosomes in a cell?

    <p>Digesting foreign material and large molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in a cell?

    <p>Synthesizing lipids and steroid hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for aligning the hydrophilic heads on the outer surfaces of the plasma membrane?

    <p>Golgi apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for aligning the hydrophilic heads on the outer surfaces of the plasma membrane?

    <p>Golgi apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecule makes up the hydrophilic heads of the phospholipid bilayer in the plasma membrane?

    <p>Protein molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of cells do mature erythrocytes lack a nucleus?

    <p>Animal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of rough endoplasmic reticulum in a cell?

    <p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines osmosis?

    <p>Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of lysosomes in a cell?

    <p>Waste disposal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the membrane's permeability?

    <p>Particle size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of transport involves substances moving down their concentration gradient without using energy?

    <p>Passive transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines osmosis?

    <p>Passive water movement across a semipermeable membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure consists of two layers of phospholipids with proteins and sugars embedded in them?

    <p>Plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump in a cell?

    <p>Maintain ion concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is described as the 'power house' of the cell?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for synthesizing proteins from amino acids, using RNA as the template?

    <p>Endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is involved in synthesis and assembly of the components of ribosomes?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the genetic material in the form of DNA found in a cell?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is described as the 'power house' of the cell?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in a cell?

    <p>Synthesizing lipids and steroid hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do lysosomes contain that are involved in breaking down fragments of organelles and large molecules inside the cell?

    <p>Enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • The plasma membrane encases each cell and controls the selective entry and exit of substances, maintaining the internal environment's chemical composition.

    • The membrane's permeability depends on particle size; small molecules can diffuse through, while larger ones are confined to interstitial or intracellular fluids.

    • Membrane proteins function in various roles, including acting as 'self' markers, receptors for hormones and other chemical messengers, enzymes, and forming channels for substance transport.

    • Passive transport occurs when substances move down their concentration gradient across the membrane without using energy, involving diffusion and facilitated diffusion.

    • Osmosis is passive water movement across a semipermeable membrane, following a concentration gradient.

    • Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradient, utilizing chemical energy (ATP), and includes the sodium-potassium pump, which maintains ion concentrations.

    • Bulk transport involves particles too large to cross cell membranes, which are engulfed by the cell through pinocytosis or phagocytosis and are subsequently digested in lysosomes.

    • Organelles are specialized subunits within cells, each performing distinct functions and enclosed by their own membrane, including the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and cytoskeleton.

    • All body cells, except mature erythrocytes, contain a nucleus, and some cells like muscle fibers have multiple nuclei.

    • The plasma membrane encases each cell and controls the selective entry and exit of substances, maintaining the internal environment's chemical composition.

    • The membrane's permeability depends on particle size; small molecules can diffuse through, while larger ones are confined to interstitial or intracellular fluids.

    • Membrane proteins function in various roles, including acting as 'self' markers, receptors for hormones and other chemical messengers, enzymes, and forming channels for substance transport.

    • Passive transport occurs when substances move down their concentration gradient across the membrane without using energy, involving diffusion and facilitated diffusion.

    • Osmosis is passive water movement across a semipermeable membrane, following a concentration gradient.

    • Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradient, utilizing chemical energy (ATP), and includes the sodium-potassium pump, which maintains ion concentrations.

    • Bulk transport involves particles too large to cross cell membranes, which are engulfed by the cell through pinocytosis or phagocytosis and are subsequently digested in lysosomes.

    • Organelles are specialized subunits within cells, each performing distinct functions and enclosed by their own membrane, including the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and cytoskeleton.

    • All body cells, except mature erythrocytes, contain a nucleus, and some cells like muscle fibers have multiple nuclei.

    • The plasma membrane encases each cell and controls the selective entry and exit of substances, maintaining the internal environment's chemical composition.

    • The membrane's permeability depends on particle size; small molecules can diffuse through, while larger ones are confined to interstitial or intracellular fluids.

    • Membrane proteins function in various roles, including acting as 'self' markers, receptors for hormones and other chemical messengers, enzymes, and forming channels for substance transport.

    • Passive transport occurs when substances move down their concentration gradient across the membrane without using energy, involving diffusion and facilitated diffusion.

    • Osmosis is passive water movement across a semipermeable membrane, following a concentration gradient.

    • Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradient, utilizing chemical energy (ATP), and includes the sodium-potassium pump, which maintains ion concentrations.

    • Bulk transport involves particles too large to cross cell membranes, which are engulfed by the cell through pinocytosis or phagocytosis and are subsequently digested in lysosomes.

    • Organelles are specialized subunits within cells, each performing distinct functions and enclosed by their own membrane, including the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and cytoskeleton.

    • All body cells, except mature erythrocytes, contain a nucleus, and some cells like muscle fibers have multiple nuclei.

    • The plasma membrane encases each cell and controls the selective entry and exit of substances, maintaining the internal environment's chemical composition.

    • The membrane's permeability depends on particle size; small molecules can diffuse through, while larger ones are confined to interstitial or intracellular fluids.

    • Membrane proteins function in various roles, including acting as 'self' markers, receptors for hormones and other chemical messengers, enzymes, and forming channels for substance transport.

    • Passive transport occurs when substances move down their concentration gradient across the membrane without using energy, involving diffusion and facilitated diffusion.

    • Osmosis is passive water movement across a semipermeable membrane, following a concentration gradient.

    • Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradient, utilizing chemical energy (ATP), and includes the sodium-potassium pump, which maintains ion concentrations.

    • Bulk transport involves particles too large to cross cell membranes, which are engulfed by the cell through pinocytosis or phagocytosis and are subsequently digested in lysosomes.

    • Organelles are specialized subunits within cells, each performing distinct functions and enclosed by their own membrane, including the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and cytoskeleton.

    • All body cells, except mature erythrocytes, contain a nucleus, and some cells like muscle fibers have multiple nuclei.

    • The plasma membrane encases each cell and controls the selective entry and exit of substances, maintaining the internal environment's chemical composition.

    • The membrane's permeability depends on particle size; small molecules can diffuse through, while larger ones are confined to interstitial or intracellular fluids.

    • Membrane proteins function in various roles, including acting as 'self' markers, receptors for hormones and other chemical messengers, enzymes, and forming channels for substance transport.

    • Passive transport occurs when substances move down their concentration gradient across the membrane without using energy, involving diffusion and facilitated diffusion.

    • Osmosis is passive water movement across a semipermeable membrane, following a concentration gradient.

    • Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradient, utilizing chemical energy (ATP), and includes the sodium-potassium pump, which maintains ion concentrations.

    • Bulk transport involves particles too large to cross cell membranes, which are engulfed by the cell through pinocytosis or phagocytosis and are subsequently digested in lysosomes.

    • Organelles are specialized subunits within cells, each performing distinct functions and enclosed by their own membrane, including the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and cytoskeleton.

    • All body cells, except mature erythrocytes, contain a nucleus, and some cells like muscle fibers have multiple nuclei.

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    Test your knowledge of cell physiology with a focus on the structure and functions of the plasma membrane, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and other organelles. Understand the fundamental roles of membranes in regulating the intracellular environment.

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