Cell Physiology: Plasma Membrane and Organelles
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?

  • Production of ATP
  • Regulation of intracellular environment (correct)
  • Synthesis of proteins
  • Storage of genetic material

    • Which component of the plasma membrane forms a central water-repelling layer?

  • Membrane proteins
  • Phospholipid heads
  • Cholesterol
  • Phospholipid tails (correct)

    • What type of molecules provide channels for the passage of electrolytes and non-lipid soluble substances across the plasma membrane?

  • Mitochondria molecules
  • Nucleolus molecules
  • Cholesterol molecules
  • Proteins extending through the membrane (correct)

    • Which organelle is responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell?

    <p>Rough endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the nucleolus within the cell?

    <p>Synthesis of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is primarily responsible for the production of ATP in the cell?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the plasma membrane?

    <p>Controlling the entry and exit of substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the membrane's permeability?

    <p>Particle size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of membrane proteins?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of water movement is osmosis?

    <p>Passive movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves moving substances against their concentration gradient?

    <p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the sodium-potassium pump?

    <p>Maintaining ion concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process where particles too large to cross cell membranes are engulfed by the cell?

    <p>Pinocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of organelles within cells?

    <p>Performing distinct functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do body cells, except mature erythrocytes, contain?

    <p>A central nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Golgi apparatus do?

    <p>Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for storage or transport out of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of lysosomes?

    <p>Degrading cellular waste and foreign material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cytoskeleton in a cell?

    <p>Maintaining cell shape and providing mechanical support to the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is described as the 'power house' of the cell?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance is found in the nucleus and is involved in protein synthesis?

    <p>Ribonucleic acid (RNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is involved in synthesis and assembly of the components of ribosomes?

    <p>Nucleolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for the detoxification of some drugs and the synthesis of lipids and steroid hormones?

    <p>Endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are ribosomes found when they are involved in manufacturing proteins for export from the cell?

    <p>Outer surface of the nuclear envelope and rough endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle contains enzymes involved in breaking down fragments of organelles and large molecules inside the cell?

    <p>Lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance directs all the metabolic activities of the cell?

    <p>Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ER is studded with ribosomes and is responsible for the synthesis of proteins for export from cells?

    <p>Rough ER</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures move from the ER to the plasma membrane to expel contents from the cell through exocytosis?

    <p>Golgi apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of RNA is found in the nucleus and involved in protein synthesis?

    <p>Messenger RNA (mRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are membranous vesicles pinched off from the Golgi apparatus that contain enzymes involved in breaking down fragments inside the cell?

    <p>Lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which organelle does DNA exist as a fine network of threads called chromatin in a non-dividing cell?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?

    <p>Regulating the intracellular environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell?

    <p>Rough endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecules provide channels for the passage of electrolytes and non-lipid soluble substances across the plasma membrane?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are ribosomes found when they are involved in manufacturing proteins for export from the cell?

    <p>Smooth endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the membrane's permeability?

    <p>Phospholipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is primarily responsible for the production of ATP in the cell?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?

    <p>Maintaining the internal environment's chemical composition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of water movement is osmosis?

    <p>Passive transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the membrane's permeability?

    <p>Particle size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do body cells, except mature erythrocytes, contain?

    <p>Multiple nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves moving substances against their concentration gradient?

    <p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of lysosomes?

    <p>Digesting engulfed particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is described as the 'power house' of the cell?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is involved in synthesis and assembly of the components of ribosomes?

    <p>Endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of organelles within cells?

    <p>Performing distinct functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the sodium-potassium pump?

    <p>Maintaining ion concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecules provide channels for the passage of electrolytes and non-lipid soluble substances across the plasma membrane?

    <p>Integral proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are ribosomes found when they are involved in manufacturing proteins for export from the cell?

    <p>Endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mitochondria in a cell?

    <p>Producing ATP through aerobic respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are ribosomes found when they are involved in manufacturing proteins for export from the cell?

    <p>Golgi apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of RNA is found in the nucleus and involved in protein synthesis?

    <p>Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the plasma membrane?

    <p>Regulating the passage of substances into and out of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is involved in synthesis and assembly of the components of ribosomes?

    <p>Nucleolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the membrane's permeability?

    <p>Lipid composition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of lysosomes in a cell?

    <p>Breaking down fragments of organelles and large molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which organelle does DNA exist as a fine network of threads called chromatin in a non-dividing cell?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance is found in the nucleus and is involved in protein synthesis?

    <p>Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ER synthesises lipids and steroid hormones, and is associated with detoxification of some drugs?

    <p>Smooth ER</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of organelles within cells?

    <p>Synthesis and breakdown of molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures move from the ER to the plasma membrane to expel contents from the cell through exocytosis?

    <p>Vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms a central water-repelling layer in the plasma membrane?

    <p>Phospholipid head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organelle is responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell?

    <p>Rough endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure contains enzymes involved in breaking down fragments inside the cell?

    <p>Lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the membrane's permeability?

    <p>Cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ER is associated with detoxification of some drugs and synthesizes lipids and steroid hormones?

    <p>Smooth endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is described as the 'power house' of the cell?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the movement of substances across the membrane without using energy?

    <p>Facilitated diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organelle is responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell?

    <p>Endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the sodium-potassium pump?

    <p>Maintaining ion concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is described as the 'power house' of the cell?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecules provide channels for the passage of electrolytes and non-lipid soluble substances across the plasma membrane?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is DNA found as a fine network of threads called chromatin in a non-dividing cell?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is primarily responsible for the production of ATP in the cell?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the membrane's permeability?

    <p>Particle size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do body cells, except mature erythrocytes, contain?

    <p>Ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of organelles within cells?

    <p>Control substance entry and exit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of lysosomes?

    <p>Detoxification and lipid synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is involved in synthesis and assembly of the components of ribosomes?

    <p>Endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nucleolus within the cell?

    <p>Involved in synthesis and assembly of the components of ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are ribosomes found when they are involved in manufacturing proteins for export from the cell?

    <p>Golgi apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of lysosomes in a cell?

    <p>Breaking down fragments of organelles and large molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mitochondria in a cell?

    <p>Producing ATP through aerobic respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of RNA is found in the nucleus and involved in protein synthesis?

    <p>Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the membrane's permeability?

    <p>Membrane proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures move from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane to expel contents from the cell through exocytosis?

    <p>Vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves moving substances against their concentration gradient?

    <p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cytoskeleton in a cell?

    <p>Maintaining cell shape and aiding in cell movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which organelle does DNA exist as a fine network of threads called chromatin in a non-dividing cell?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle contains enzymes involved in breaking down fragments of organelles and large molecules inside the cell?

    <p>Lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures are primarily responsible for the production of ATP in the cell?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is primarily responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell?

    <p>Rough endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of water movement is characterized by the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane?

    <p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the membrane's permeability?

    <p>Phospholipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ER is associated with the synthesis of lipids and steroid hormones, as well as detoxification of some drugs?

    <p>Smooth endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the plasma membrane in a cell?

    <p>Regulation of intracellular environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does DNA exist as a fine network of threads called chromatin in a non-dividing cell?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the movement of substances against their concentration gradient?

    <p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?

    <p>Maintaining the cell's internal environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organelle is responsible for synthesizing proteins in the cell?

    <p>Endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are ribosomes found when they are involved in manufacturing proteins for export from the cell?

    <p>Endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecules provide channels for the passage of electrolytes and non-lipid soluble substances across the plasma membrane?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is described as the 'power house' of the cell?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the sodium-potassium pump?

    <p>Maintaining ion concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures are primarily responsible for the production of ATP in the cell?

    <p><strong>Mitochondria</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle contains enzymes involved in breaking down fragments inside the cell?

    <p>Lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do body cells, except mature erythrocytes, contain?

    <p>Nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the membrane's permeability?

    <p>Particle size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is involved in bulk transport by engulfing particles too large to cross cell membranes and digesting them in lysosomes?

    <p>Golgi apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>Synthesizing lipids and steroid hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the genetic material of the cell located?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of lysosomes in a cell?

    <p>Breaking down fragments inside the cell into smaller particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for the synthesis of proteins from amino acids?

    <p>Ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?

    <p>Packaging proteins into membrane-bound vesicles for exocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is described as the 'power house' of the cell?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a non-dividing cell, DNA is present as a fine network of threads called:

    <p>Chromatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in a cell?

    <p>Lipid synthesis and detoxification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for the breakdown of fragments of organelles and large molecules inside the cell?

    <p>Lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the membrane's permeability in a cell?

    <p>Phospholipid bilayer arrangement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which organelle does DNA exist as a fine network of threads called chromatin in a non-dividing cell?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the plasma membrane in a cell?

    <p>Regulation of substance passage into and out of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is primarily responsible for the production of ATP in the cell?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>Synthesis of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which organelle does DNA exist as a fine network of threads called chromatin in a non-dividing cell?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is described as the 'power house' of the cell?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the membrane's permeability?

    <p>Plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of lysosomes in a cell?

    <p>Digestion of particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are ribosomes found when they are involved in manufacturing proteins for export from the cell?

    <p>Rough endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ER is associated with the synthesis of lipids and steroid hormones, as well as detoxification of some drugs?

    <p>Smooth endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?

    <p>'Packaging' proteins into membrane-bound vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle contains enzymes involved in breaking down fragments inside the cell?

    <p>'Digesting' particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mitochondria in a cell?

    <p>Central to aerobic respiration and ATP production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is involved in synthesis and assembly of the components of ribosomes?

    <p>Nucleolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the membrane's permeability?

    <p>Plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is responsible for passive water movement across a semipermeable membrane, following a concentration gradient?

    <p>Plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump in a cell?

    <p>Maintaining ion concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is primarily responsible for the production of ATP in the cell?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves substances moving down their concentration gradient across the membrane without using energy?

    <p>Diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is involved in engulfing particles too large to cross cell membranes and subsequently digesting them in lysosomes?

    <p>Plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a non-dividing cell, where does DNA exist as a fine network of threads called chromatin?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure primarily determines the membrane's permeability in a cell?

    <p>Plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in a cell?

    <p>Detoxification and lipid synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecules provide channels for the passage of electrolytes and non-lipid soluble substances across the plasma membrane?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of organelles within cells?

    <p>Performing distinct functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance is found in the nucleus and is involved in protein synthesis?

    <p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which organelle does DNA exist as a fine network of threads called chromatin in a non-dividing cell?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is primarily responsible for the breakdown of fragments of organelles and large molecules inside the cell?

    <p>Lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ER is associated with the synthesis of lipids and steroid hormones, as well as detoxification of some drugs?

    <p>Smooth endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is involved in the synthesis and assembly of the components of ribosomes?

    <p>Nucleolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the plasma membrane forms a central water-repelling layer?

    <p>Phospholipid bilayer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is DNA found as a fine network of threads called chromatin in a non-dividing cell?

    <p>Nuclear envelope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?

    <p>Processing and packaging of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organelle is primarily responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell?

    <p>Endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a non-dividing cell, where does DNA exist as a fine network of threads called chromatin?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is described as the 'power house' of the cell?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are ribosomes found when they are involved in manufacturing proteins for export from the cell?

    <p>Endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of lysosomes?

    <p>Cellular waste breakdown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the membrane's permeability?

    <p>Plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecules provide channels for the passage of electrolytes and non-lipid soluble substances across the plasma membrane?

    <p>Lysosomal enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    3

    <p>Plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organelle contains enzymes involved in breaking down fragments inside the cell?

    <p>Lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does DNA exist as a fine network of threads called chromatin in a non-dividing cell?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do body cells, except mature erythrocytes, contain?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the movement of substances against their concentration gradient without utilizing energy?

    <p>Passive transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump in a cell?

    <p>Maintaining ion concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is primarily responsible for the production of ATP in the cell?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is primarily responsible for the production of ATP in the cell?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of lysosomes in a cell?

    <p>Digesting particles engulfed by the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does DNA exist as a fine network of threads called chromatin in a non-dividing cell?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of organelles within cells?

    <p>Performing distinct functions within cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the membrane's permeability?

    <p>Particle size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ER is associated with the synthesis of lipids and steroid hormones, as well as detoxification of some drugs?

    <p>Smooth endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is involved in synthesis and assembly of the components of ribosomes?

    <p>Nucleolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • The plasma membrane encases each cell and controls the selective entry and exit of substances, maintaining the internal environment's chemical composition.

    • The membrane's permeability depends on particle size; small molecules can diffuse through, while larger ones are confined to interstitial or intracellular fluids.

    • Membrane proteins function in various roles, including acting as 'self' markers, receptors for hormones and other chemical messengers, enzymes, and forming channels for substance transport.

    • Passive transport occurs when substances move down their concentration gradient across the membrane without using energy, involving diffusion and facilitated diffusion.

    • Osmosis is passive water movement across a semipermeable membrane, following a concentration gradient.

    • Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradient, utilizing chemical energy (ATP), and includes the sodium-potassium pump, which maintains ion concentrations.

    • Bulk transport involves particles too large to cross cell membranes, which are engulfed by the cell through pinocytosis or phagocytosis and are subsequently digested in lysosomes.

    • Organelles are specialized subunits within cells, each performing distinct functions and enclosed by their own membrane, including the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and cytoskeleton.

    • All body cells, except mature erythrocytes, contain a nucleus, and some cells like muscle fibers have multiple nuclei.

    • The plasma membrane encases each cell and controls the selective entry and exit of substances, maintaining the internal environment's chemical composition.

    • The membrane's permeability depends on particle size; small molecules can diffuse through, while larger ones are confined to interstitial or intracellular fluids.

    • Membrane proteins function in various roles, including acting as 'self' markers, receptors for hormones and other chemical messengers, enzymes, and forming channels for substance transport.

    • Passive transport occurs when substances move down their concentration gradient across the membrane without using energy, involving diffusion and facilitated diffusion.

    • Osmosis is passive water movement across a semipermeable membrane, following a concentration gradient.

    • Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradient, utilizing chemical energy (ATP), and includes the sodium-potassium pump, which maintains ion concentrations.

    • Bulk transport involves particles too large to cross cell membranes, which are engulfed by the cell through pinocytosis or phagocytosis and are subsequently digested in lysosomes.

    • Organelles are specialized subunits within cells, each performing distinct functions and enclosed by their own membrane, including the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and cytoskeleton.

    • All body cells, except mature erythrocytes, contain a nucleus, and some cells like muscle fibers have multiple nuclei.

    • The plasma membrane encases each cell and controls the selective entry and exit of substances, maintaining the internal environment's chemical composition.

    • The membrane's permeability depends on particle size; small molecules can diffuse through, while larger ones are confined to interstitial or intracellular fluids.

    • Membrane proteins function in various roles, including acting as 'self' markers, receptors for hormones and other chemical messengers, enzymes, and forming channels for substance transport.

    • Passive transport occurs when substances move down their concentration gradient across the membrane without using energy, involving diffusion and facilitated diffusion.

    • Osmosis is passive water movement across a semipermeable membrane, following a concentration gradient.

    • Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradient, utilizing chemical energy (ATP), and includes the sodium-potassium pump, which maintains ion concentrations.

    • Bulk transport involves particles too large to cross cell membranes, which are engulfed by the cell through pinocytosis or phagocytosis and are subsequently digested in lysosomes.

    • Organelles are specialized subunits within cells, each performing distinct functions and enclosed by their own membrane, including the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and cytoskeleton.

    • All body cells, except mature erythrocytes, contain a nucleus, and some cells like muscle fibers have multiple nuclei.

    • The plasma membrane encases each cell and controls the selective entry and exit of substances, maintaining the internal environment's chemical composition.

    • The membrane's permeability depends on particle size; small molecules can diffuse through, while larger ones are confined to interstitial or intracellular fluids.

    • Membrane proteins function in various roles, including acting as 'self' markers, receptors for hormones and other chemical messengers, enzymes, and forming channels for substance transport.

    • Passive transport occurs when substances move down their concentration gradient across the membrane without using energy, involving diffusion and facilitated diffusion.

    • Osmosis is passive water movement across a semipermeable membrane, following a concentration gradient.

    • Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradient, utilizing chemical energy (ATP), and includes the sodium-potassium pump, which maintains ion concentrations.

    • Bulk transport involves particles too large to cross cell membranes, which are engulfed by the cell through pinocytosis or phagocytosis and are subsequently digested in lysosomes.

    • Organelles are specialized subunits within cells, each performing distinct functions and enclosed by their own membrane, including the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and cytoskeleton.

    • All body cells, except mature erythrocytes, contain a nucleus, and some cells like muscle fibers have multiple nuclei.

    • The plasma membrane encases each cell and controls the selective entry and exit of substances, maintaining the internal environment's chemical composition.

    • The membrane's permeability depends on particle size; small molecules can diffuse through, while larger ones are confined to interstitial or intracellular fluids.

    • Membrane proteins function in various roles, including acting as 'self' markers, receptors for hormones and other chemical messengers, enzymes, and forming channels for substance transport.

    • Passive transport occurs when substances move down their concentration gradient across the membrane without using energy, involving diffusion and facilitated diffusion.

    • Osmosis is passive water movement across a semipermeable membrane, following a concentration gradient.

    • Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradient, utilizing chemical energy (ATP), and includes the sodium-potassium pump, which maintains ion concentrations.

    • Bulk transport involves particles too large to cross cell membranes, which are engulfed by the cell through pinocytosis or phagocytosis and are subsequently digested in lysosomes.

    • Organelles are specialized subunits within cells, each performing distinct functions and enclosed by their own membrane, including the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and cytoskeleton.

    • All body cells, except mature erythrocytes, contain a nucleus, and some cells like muscle fibers have multiple nuclei.

    • The plasma membrane encases each cell and controls the selective entry and exit of substances, maintaining the internal environment's chemical composition.

    • The membrane's permeability depends on particle size; small molecules can diffuse through, while larger ones are confined to interstitial or intracellular fluids.

    • Membrane proteins function in various roles, including acting as 'self' markers, receptors for hormones and other chemical messengers, enzymes, and forming channels for substance transport.

    • Passive transport occurs when substances move down their concentration gradient across the membrane without using energy, involving diffusion and facilitated diffusion.

    • Osmosis is passive water movement across a semipermeable membrane, following a concentration gradient.

    • Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradient, utilizing chemical energy (ATP), and includes the sodium-potassium pump, which maintains ion concentrations.

    • Bulk transport involves particles too large to cross cell membranes, which are engulfed by the cell through pinocytosis or phagocytosis and are subsequently digested in lysosomes.

    • Organelles are specialized subunits within cells, each performing distinct functions and enclosed by their own membrane, including the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and cytoskeleton.

    • All body cells, except mature erythrocytes, contain a nucleus, and some cells like muscle fibers have multiple nuclei.

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    Test your knowledge of cell physiology with a focus on the structure and functions of the plasma membrane, rough endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, and other organelles. Understand how membranes control the passage of substances and regulate the intracellular environment.

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