Cell Migration in Nervous System Development

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Questions and Answers

Which cerebellar cell type is NOT located within the granular layer?

Mossy Fiber (MF)

Granule cell (GCN)

Purkinje cell (PN) (correct)

Basket cell (BC)

Which of the following genes, when mutated, is associated with Cobblestone Lissencephaly?

Sema6A

POMT1 (correct)

RELN

Reelin

In the cerebral cortex, which type of migration is primarily associated with the formation of excitatory pyramidal neurons?

Somal translocation (correct)

Apical migration

Tangential migration

Glial guided locomotion

In the developing cerebellum, where do granule neuron precursors initially migrate?

Rostrally (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type migrates tangentially during the development of the cerebellum?

Granule cell precursors (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Sema6A in the migration of granule cell precursors?

It is downregulated to start radial migration to the internal granule layer. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of radial glial cells during the cerebral cortex development?

Serving as a guide for locomotion of excitatory neurons (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cell types is NOT mentioned explicitly to be present in the cerebellum?

Pyramidal cells (D) Signup and view all the answers

Before migrating to the internal granular layer (IGL), what structure do granule cells send out?

Parallel fibers (C) Signup and view all the answers

Approximately how long after birth is cerebellar development considered complete in mice?

3 weeks (B) Signup and view all the answers

From which embryonic structure do SST+ Martinotti cells originate?

Medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following proteins is associated with vesicle trafficking defects in Periventricular Heterotopia?

Arfgef2 (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a major function of the protein Filamin A (FLNA), which when mutated may result in Periventricular Heterotopia?

Actin-binding (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which human disorder is characterized by a 'double cortex'?

Both Lissencephaly and Subcortical Band Heterotopia (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these processes is explicitly indicated as being activity dependent for SST+ Martinotti cells?

Migration (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical stage in nervous system development?

Cell Fusion (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary origin of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

Neural crest cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these cell types contributes to the formation of bones and cartilage within the cranial region?

Cranial neural crest cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the major roles of radial glia cells in the developing cerebral cortex?

Guiding the migration of precursor cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

During cerebral cortex development, what is the function of Reelin released by Cajal-Retzius cells?

To serve as a stop signal for migrating precursors (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cell types is NOT derived from the neural crest?

Astrocytes (D) Signup and view all the answers

What process occurs at the ventricular zone (VZ) during the development of the cerebral cortex?

Cell proliferation (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of asymmetric division of apical progenitors/radial glia cells?

It results in both self-renewal and the generation of precursor cells (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of basal radial glial cells in the outer subventricular zone?

To enable a significant increase in neuron numbers. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the evolutionary changes in corticogenesis between rodents and primates?

While the basic principles remain conserved, timing and cell-type complexity have increased during evolution. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main characteristics of interneurons regarding their connections in the neocortex?

They form synapses with the dendrites, axons, and somas of excitatory neurons. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the origin of interneurons in the developing telencephalon?

Interneurons originate in the medial, caudal, or lateral ganglionic eminence. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'inside-out' development of the cortical plate refer to?

The early generation of deep cortical layers, followed by more superficial ones. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does 'birthdating' with [3H]-Thymidine allow researchers to track or determine?

The time at which neurons are generated during development. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the initial migration pattern of interneurons in the telencephalon?

They first migrate towards the ventricle before layer-specific targeting. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a common type of interneuron in the neocortex?

Cells that express Glutamate (GLU). (C) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Migration in the Developing Nervous System

Cell migration is a crucial process in nervous system development, driving the formation of neural structures.
Neural crest cells contribute to the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
Neural crest cells arise from the neural plate border and undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) before migrating.
Neural crest cells give rise to diverse cell types including: bone and cartilage, connective tissues (teeth, eyes, ears), sensory neurons, glial cells, melanocytes, enteric neurons, and smooth and cardiac tissues.
In the central nervous system (CNS), precursor cells migrate long distances to reach their final destinations.
The developing cerebral cortex undergoes migration from the ventricular zone (VZ) to the cortical plate (CP).
Radial glia cells act as stem cells for the developing cortex, undergoing symmetrical and asymmetrical divisions.
Migration is guided by glia (like radial glia).
Cajal-Retzius cells release Reelin, acting as a stop signal for migrating precursors.
Apical progenitors/radial glia cells divide asymmetrically, self-renew, and generate precursor cells.
Cortical plate development follows an inside-out pattern, with neurons and layers forming from inside to outside.

Birthdating

Birthdating techniques, such as using [H]-thymidine, can track the timing of neuronal production during development.
By injecting radioactive thymidine at different embryonic stages, scientists can determine the developmental origin of neurons.
This method helps understand the chronological order of neuron addition to the cortical plate, allowing the study of neuron migration patterns.

Evolutionary Aspects of Corticogenesis

Lissencephalic (smooth-brained) and gyrencephalic (folded-brained) species differ in cortex structure.
Fundamental principles of corticogenesis are conserved between rodents and primates, but timing and cell-type complexity have increased during evolution.

Cortical Migration Defects

Aberrant migration can lead to various neurological diseases.
Defects can occur at different stages (initiation, ongoing migration, lamination, stop signal).
Several genes are implicated in the process and mutations lead to neurological disorders like periventricular heterotopia, lissencephaly, and cobblestone lissencephaly.
Reelin (RELN) is one critical gene, and mutations can cause errors in layer formation.

Migration in the Developing Cerebellum

Granule neuron precursors migrate rostrally.
Precerebellar nuclei precursors migrate ventrally.
Cerebellar development isn't completed for several weeks after birth.
The cerebellum originates from the rhombic lip, which is part of the ventricular wall.
Granule cells send out parallel fibers before migrating to the IGL.
Granule cell precursors downregulate Sema6A to begin radial migration to the inner granule cell layer.
Granule cells migrate along Bergmann glia fibers.

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Description

This quiz explores the essential process of cell migration during the development of the nervous system. It covers the role of neural crest cells in the peripheral nervous system and the migration of precursor cells in the central nervous system. Understanding these processes is key to grasping how neural structures are formed.