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What is the most common cause of cell injury and death that can lead to disease?
Which type of cell is most susceptible to irreversible injury within 3-5 minutes of hypoxia?
Which of the following is an example of an exogenous factor that can cause cell injury?
What cellular process is typically activated to compensate for oxidative damage in injured cells?
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Which of the following correctly describes the difference between acute and chronic cell injury?
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What term describes cellular injury that leads to tissue death but is characterized by living cells surrounded by dead tissue?
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What is a common signal of pre-existing cellular damage observable during pathological processes?
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Which of the following describes the role of lysosomal proteases during cell injury?
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What is a primary consequence of a breach in the cytoplasmic membrane's structure?
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How may chronic hypoxia contribute to cell injury?
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Which type of injury is characterized by physical disruption of cellular structures?
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What specific change is associated with thermal cell injury?
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What does intensified ultraweak luminescence indicate about preserved tissues?
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What kind of metabolic changes can occur due to inhibition of enzyme activity?
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Ionizing radiation primarily causes which of the following in cells?
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What is the effect of chemical toxins like cyanides on cellular function?
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What is the initial stage of necrosis characterized by potential recovery of cell function under favorable conditions?
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Which term denotes the irreversible cellular changes where catabolism exceeds anabolism?
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What process involves the disintegration of dead cells through hydrolytic enzymes from lysosomes?
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Which of the following describes the swelling of mitochondria as the main sign of organelle damage?
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Which type of signs are alterations that occur in response to diverse damaging factors but exhibit the same characteristics?
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What are the morphological changes associated with the death of cells due to damage known as?
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Damage to the endoplasmic reticulum often leads to which of the following?
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Which type of necrosis is characterized by the complete cessation of a cell’s vital functions?
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Study Notes
### Dystrophy
- Structural change in cells and tissues due to metabolic disorders
- Caused by intracellular and extracellular factors
- Often the initial stage of necrosis
Necrosis
- Pathological process resulting in cell and tissue death
- Characterized by four stages:
- Paranecrosis: cell life may be restored in favorable conditions
- Necrobiosis: irreversible dystrophic cellular changes, catabolism dominates but some function remains
- Necrosis: complete cessation of cell function
- Autolysis: disintegration of dead cells by lysosomal enzymes, remains phagocytized by macrophages
Cell Injury
- Determined by disturbances in structure and function of cell organelles such as nuclei, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes.
- Nuclear changes:
- Karyolysis: dissolving
- Karyopyknosis: induration
- Karyorrhexis: destruction
- Cytoplasmic changes:
- Coagulation plasmorrhexis: destruction
- Plasmolysis: dissolving
- Mitochondria damage leads to swelling, especially in severe forms which cause swelling of crests and membranes.
- Lysosomal membrane damage releases about 40 enzymes, damaging the cytoplasm.
- Endoplasmic reticulum damage causes changes in configuration, swelling, and degranulation.
- Damaged endoplasmic reticulum has a decreased number of ribosomes, with deformed loops.
- Protein inhibiting substances increase ribosome numbers; substances accelerating growth decrease ribosome numbers.
### Pathophysiological Signs of Cell Injury
- Divided into non-specific and specific
- Non-specific signs are changes of the same character caused by different damaging factors.
- Specific signs are morphological and functional changes depending on the specific damaging factors.
Typical Pathological Processes: Cell Injury
- Cell injury is a disturbance of cellular structure and function under the influence of various pathogenic agents.
- Injuries disrupt intercellular relationships and substance, change organ and system functions, and lead to disease.
- Cell injury triggers defense-compensatory processes, such as activation of glycolysis to compensate for suppressed oxidative processes in damaged cells.
- Lysosomal proteases are activated in damaged cells to help remove them from the organism.
- Cell injury can be caused by exogenous and endogenous factors.
- Types of cell injury include:
- Hypoxic cell injury: most common cause, due to factors like atherosclerosis, thrombosis, anemia, cardio-respiratory insufficiency, and increased tissue oxygen demand. Severity depends on cell type, nutritional and hormonal status.
- Other injuries: mechanical, thermal, ionizing radiation, specific chemical (toxic).
### Specific Signs of Cell Injury:
- Mechanical injury: breach of tissue, cell, and subcellular integrity.
- Thermal injury: coagulation and denaturation of cell protein-lipid structures.
- Ionizing radiation: formation of free radicals.
- Specific chemical injury: enzyme inhibition (e.g., cyanide inhibits cytochrome oxidase).
### General Signs of Cell Injury:
- Decrease in membrane potential
- Decreased tissue resistance to electric current
- Increased sorptional properties of cells
- Intensification of ultraweak luminescence
- Calcification (accumulation of calcium phosphates, followed by magnesium and sodium carbonate)
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Description
This quiz covers the concepts of dystrophy, necrosis, and cell injury. It discusses the structural changes in cells due to metabolic disorders and outlines the stages of necrosis including paranecrosis and autolysis. Test your understanding of how disturbances in cell organelles lead to cellular dysfunction.
