Cell Growth Mechanisms in Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia
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Questions and Answers

What condition is primarily associated with decreased oncotic pressure due to hypoproteinemia?

  • Pulmonary embolism
  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Kidney insufficiency (correct)
  • Heart failure

    • Which of the following is a possible mechanism leading to increased hydrostatic pressure?

  • Venous obstruction (correct)
  • Hypoproteinemia
  • Increased albumin synthesis
  • Reduced cardiac output

    • What pathological mechanism is characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the alveolar septa?

  • Decreased oncotic pressure
  • Microvascular injury (correct)
  • Vascular hyperplasia
  • Lymphatic obstruction

    • Which condition can lead to pulmonary edema by causing low albumin levels?

    <p>Chronic liver disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process is primarily involved in the initial steps of hemostasis?

    <p>Vascular constriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these factors can lead to microvascular injury?

    <p>Inhaled gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario would decreased oncotic pressure be most impactful on fluid distribution?

    <p>Chronic malnutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of increased vascular permeability during an allergic response?

    <p>Edema formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily caused by occlusion of pulmonary circulation due to embolism?

    <p>Ischemic coagulative necrosis in the lung</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition results from chronic congestion in the lungs?

    <p>Parenchymal necrosis and fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option is a potential cause of cerebral hemorrhage?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a 'nutmeg liver' appearance indicate?

    <p>Irreversible ischemic necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of ischemic coagulative necrosis in the lung?

    <p>Typically hemorrhagic and wet infarctions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is associated with external hemorrhage?

    <p>Visible bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stage follows acute liver congestion?

    <p>Chronic liver congestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which patient population is at high risk for ischemic necrosis of lung parenchyma?

    <p>Patients with problematic heart or lung function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hemorrhage is caused by a tear in the middle meningeal artery and generally does not lead to brain damage?

    <p>Epidural hematoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the medical term for a small pinpoint hemorrhage that is typically 1-2 mm in size?

    <p>Petechial hemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily causes right cardiac failure?

    <p>Left heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of hematoma does bleeding occur due to torn veins and is self-limiting?

    <p>Subdural hematoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of shock is characterized by decreased intravascular blood volume?

    <p>Hypovolemic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common result of left cardiac failure?

    <p>Poor systemic arterial perfusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following signals the decompensated stage of shock?

    <p>Acute degradation of vital organ function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is least likely to cause distributive shock?

    <p>Pulmonary embolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the accumulation of lipid droplets in cardiac muscle indicate?

    <p>Steatosis cardiaca</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cerebral herniation due to increased intracranial pressure typically follow?

    <p>Epidural hematoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT associated with left cardiac failure?

    <p>Jugular vein engorgement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can trigger vasodilation in septic shock?

    <p>Bacterial or fungal infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what condition can 'tiger effect' of the myocardium be observed?

    <p>Prolonged moderate hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of subarachnoid hemorrhagic focus?

    <p>Spontaneous non-traumatic events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hallmark of neurogenic shock?

    <p>Bradycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions leads to poor pulmonary perfusion of the lungs?

    <p>Right cardiac failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of intracerebral hemorrhage involves anoxic changes and edema?

    <p>Early lesions of clotted blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes anaphylactic shock?

    <p>IgE mediated hypersensitivity reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is a rare phenomenon involving diffusion of fatty tissue into myocytes?

    <p>Adipositas cordis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a likely outcome of high pressure in the pulmonary system?

    <p>Pulmonary edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is most likely to occur if a patient survives the initial 48 hours of hemorrhagic shock?

    <p>Slow resorption of hematoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sequence correctly describes the stages of intracerebral hemorrhage?

    <p>Extraversion of blood -&gt; early lesions -&gt; hemosiderin macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characterized by an increase in cell size rather than an increase in cell number?

    <p>Hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of physiological hyperplasia?

    <p>Enlargement of the thyroid gland during pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism behind hypertrophy?

    <p>Synthesis of additional intracellular components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes pathological hyperplasia?

    <p>Excessive trophic action that may lead to dysplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which situation is hyperplasia most likely to occur?

    <p>During liver regeneration after resection surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lymphoid hyperplasia is a response to what kind of stimuli?

    <p>Infection or immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates hypertrophy from hyperplasia at a cellular level?

    <p>Hypertrophy occurs only in post-mitotic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is most closely associated with an overgrowth of prostate tissue?

    <p>Benign Prostate Hyperplasia (BPH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hypertrophy

    • Increase in cell size and function in non-dividing cells (e.g., muscle, neurons)
    • Mechanism involves increased synthesis of intracellular components
    • Physiological causes: increased workload, hormonal stimulation (e.g., pregnancy)
    • Pathological examples: goiter (thyroid enlargement), enlarged heart (hypertrophy) due to hypertension

    Hyperplasia

    • Increase in cell number in dividing cells
    • Mechanism involves growth factor-driven cell proliferation or stem cell differentiation
    • Physiological examples: liver regeneration, breast development during pregnancy
    • Pathological examples: endometrial hyperplasia, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

    Lipogenesis

    • Adipocytes hypertrophy due to triglyceride accumulation
    • Associated with causes that increase workload on smooth muscle (e.g., colon obstruction)

    Myocardial Hypertrophy

    • Thickening of ventricle walls, decreasing lumen size
    • Involves mechanical and trophic signals, causing hypercontractility
    • Often caused by systemic hypertension
    • Results in reduced diastolic function, normal systolic function
    • Complications: congestion, heart failure, massive hypertrophy

    Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

    • Noncancerous prostate enlargement
    • Increase in number of prostatic glands and stroma
    • Typically observed in men aged 40 and above
    • Cause: excessive hormonal stimulation of androgens leading to increased testosterone conversion
    • Symptoms: increased urination, weak stream, loss of bladder control

    Endometrial Hyperplasia

    • Increased endometrial gland-to-stroma ratio, due to high estrogen levels
    • Typically seen in women aged 40-50
    • Clinical features: abnormal/dysfunctional menstrual bleeding

    Metaplasia

    • Replacement of one differentiated cell type by another (epithelial/mesenchymal cells)
    • Usually non-reversible
    • Can be caused by chronic irritants
    • Examples: columnar to squamous metaplasia in lungs, cervix

    Acute Gastritis

    • Sudden inflammation of gastric mucosa due to chemicals, drugs, alcohol or H. pylori infection
    • May be asymptomatic or cause nausea, vomiting, and pain
    • May be erosive, affecting the superficial protective layer of stomach

    Chronic Gastritis (Metaplasia)

    • Gradual & persistent chronic inflammation, without neutrophils present.
    • Characterized by dyspepsia (impaired digestion)
    • Can progress to atrophy and epithelial metaplasia (replacement of one cell type by another).

    Intestinal Metaplasia

    • Replacement of normal gastric epithelium with resilient squamous epithelium.
    • Associated with reflux and chronic gastritis.
    • Is a pre-disposing condition for adenocarcinoma (cancer)

    Edema

    • Escape of fluid from vessels and accumulation in surrounding tissues
    • Causes: increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, and inflammation

    Pulmonary Edema

    • Fluid accumulation in the lungs due to increased hydrostatic pressure in pulmonary capillaries
    • Causes: left heart failure, non-cardiogenic causes (e.g., infection)

    Thrombosis

    • Aggregation of platelets, fibrin meshwork formation
    • Can be dangerous if not managed due to its capacity to obstruct blood flow.
    • Triggers: endothelial damage, altered blood flow (stasis), hypercoagulability

    Emboli

    • The occlusion of a small vessel by a solid, liquid or gaseous mass carried by blood.
    • Can cause ischemic necrosis (infraction) in the affected areas

    Infarction

    • Irreversible tissue necrosis due to complete obstruction of blood supply (ischemia)
    • Can be classified as pale/anemic or red/hemorrhagic
    • Occurs in organs with single blood supply

    Hemorrhage

    • Extravasation of blood from vessels into tissues
    • Can be classified as internal or external, arterial, venous, etc.
    • Causes: Hypertension, trauma, atherosclerosis, inflammation, etc.

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    Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia PDF

    Description

    Explore the fundamental concepts of hypertrophy and hyperplasia in this quiz. Understand the physiological and pathological conditions, mechanisms involved in cell growth, and examples from various biological systems, including muscle and adipose tissues. Test your knowledge on how these processes impact health and disease.

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