Cell Division: Chromosomes in Metaphase and Anaphase
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Questions and Answers

During which stage of meiosis do chromosomes form a single row at the metaphase plate?

  • Metaphase I (correct)
  • Metaphase II
  • Anaphase II
  • Anaphase I

    • What is the ploidy of daughter cells at the end of meiosis?

  • Tetraploid
  • Diploid
  • Haploid (correct)
  • Triploid

    • Which process involves the production of genetically identical cells?

  • Independent assortment
  • Meiosis
  • Fertilization
  • Mitosis (correct)

    • How many daughter cells are formed from each parent cell during meiosis?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of meiosis in the life cycle of an organism?

    <p>Sexual reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of cells does meiosis occur?

    <p>Germ cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the amount of DNA in each daughter cell compare to the parent cell in meiosis?

    <p>Half</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic composition of daughter cells produced through meiosis?

    <p>Genetically different from the parent cell and from each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of crossing over between non-sister chromatids during meiosis?

    <p>One chromatid from the paternal chromosome and one chromatid from the maternal chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During metaphase I, what is the orientation of each bivalent along the metaphase plate?

    <p>Random and independent of the orientation of other bivalents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of kinetochore spindle fibers during metaphase I?

    <p>To attach to the centromere of each chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During anaphase I, what happens to the sister chromatids?

    <p>They remain attached at the centromeric region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of anaphase I in terms of the number of chromosomes in each daughter cell?

    <p>The number of chromosomes decreases by half</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of bivalent formation during meiosis?

    <p>To align homologous chromosomes on the metaphase plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of independent assortment of homologous chromosomes during meiosis?

    <p>It allows for genetic variation and increases genetic diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of meiosis do the nuclear envelope and nucleolus disappear?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During metaphase I, how do the chromosomes of each bivalent align on the metaphase plate?

    <p>One chromosome of each bivalent faces each pole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of crossing over between non-sister chromatids during meiosis I?

    <p>Genetic variation in gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the orientation of each bivalent during metaphase I?

    <p>Random and independent of the orientation of other bivalents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During anaphase I, what happens to the homologous chromosomes?

    <p>They move to opposite poles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of independent assortment of homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Increased genetic variation between gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What attaches to the centromere of a homologous chromosome from each pole during metaphase I?

    <p>Kinetochore from opposite poles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the number of centromeres in each bivalent during metaphase I?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During anaphase I, what happens to the kinetochore microtubules?

    <p>They shorten</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Mitosis vs. Meiosis

    • Mitosis occurs in all somatic cells, while meiosis occurs only in germ cells.
    • Mitosis results in 2 diploid daughter cells, while meiosis results in 4 haploid daughter cells.
    • The purpose of mitosis is asexual reproduction, growth, and repair, whereas meiosis increases genetic variation for sexual reproduction by producing gametes.

    Behaviour of Chromosomes during Mitosis and Meiosis

    • During metaphase, chromosomes form a single row in mitosis and two rows in meiosis.
    • In anaphase, centromere and chromatids separate and move to opposite spindle poles in mitosis, but not in meiosis I, where homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles.
    • In anaphase II, centromere and chromatids separate and move to opposite spindle poles, similar to mitosis.

    Meiosis I

    • Homologous pairs of chromosomes are aligned on the metaphase plate, creating 2 rows.
    • Independent assortment of homologous chromosomes occurs, with random and independent orientation of each bivalent along the metaphase plate.
    • The nucleus is absent during metaphase I.
    • Kinetochore spindle fibres attach to the centromere of each chromosome at the kinetochore, while non-kinetochore microtubules lengthen to elongate the cell.

    Anaphase I

    • Homologous chromosomes move towards opposite poles of the spindle, separating the chromosomes into two haploid sets.
    • Sister chromatids do not separate during anaphase I, remaining attached at the centromeric region until anaphase II.
    • Each daughter cell now has half the number of chromosomes as compared to the parent cell.

    Crossing Over

    • Crossing over occurs between non-sister chromatids at homologous regions, resulting in genetic variation in gametes.
    • Chiasmata are formed between non-sister chromatids, allowing for the exchange of genetic material.

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    2023 JC1 Biology Lecture Notes - Cell Division & The Cell Cycle PDF

    Description

    This quiz assesses your understanding of the behavior of chromosomes during metaphase and anaphase, including their arrangement and separation. It covers the stages of cell division, specifically in relation to chromatids and centromeres.

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