Biology Quiz: Genetics and Cell Division
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following correctly describes the role of the 98% of DNA that does not code for proteins?

  • It is considered 'junk' DNA and has no known function.
  • It directly codes for the production of essential proteins.
  • It serves as a template for the creation of new genes.
  • It regulates the activity of protein-producing genes, turning them 'on' or 'off'. (correct)

What is the term used for the outward expression of an individual's genes?

  • Allele
  • Phenotype (correct)
  • Genome
  • Genotype

Which of the following combinations refers to a genotype where both alleles are the same?

  • Both B and C (correct)
  • Homozygous Dominant
  • Heterozygous
  • Homozygous Recessive

In recessive transmission, how many recessive alleles are needed for a trait to be expressed?

<p>Two (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean for a characteristic to be sex-linked?

<p>The gene for the characteristic is located on a sex chromosome. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total number of chromosomes in most human cells?

<p>46 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell division results in gametes?

<p>Meiosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What combination of chromosomes determines the biological sex of a baby?

<p>XX for female (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many chromosomes does each gamete carry?

<p>23 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure contains the genetic code?

<p>Chromosomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process occurs first during human development after conception?

<p>Fertilization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the fertilization process?

<p>23 chromosomes from each parent combine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In human cells, how many pairs of chromosomes are typically present?

<p>23 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of mitosis in humans?

<p>Growth from a fertilized egg (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what point in the male reproductive cycle does meiosis begin?

<p>At puberty (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many chromosomes does each sperm produced in meiosis contain?

<p>23 chromosomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of meiosis in females?

<p>One ovum and three nonfunctional polar bodies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the human genome is defined as genes?

<p>2% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of life does meiosis in females primarily occur?

<p>Early in prenatal development (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the outcomes of mitosis from meiosis?

<p>Mitosis results in identical daughter cells, meiosis results in genetic variation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the chromosome count after mitosis?

<p>Each daughter cell contains 46 chromosomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What metabolic disorder is characterized by the inability to metabolize phenylalanine?

<p>Phenylketonuria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key consequences of untreated phenylketonuria?

<p>Seizures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does heritability measure in the context of behavioral genetics?

<p>The proportion of variability in traits connected to genetic differences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of study is commonly used to compare genetic similarity between identical and fraternal twins?

<p>Twin study (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Copy Number Variations (CNVs)?

<p>Instances in which part of the genome is either deleted or duplicated (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In behavioral genetics, the concept of concordance rates refers to what?

<p>The percentage of pairs sharing a trait (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is characterized by an extra chromosome, specifically Trisomy 21?

<p>Down's Syndrome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT mentioned as influencing height in the context of behavioral genetics?

<p>Physical activity level (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method for prenatal diagnosis?

<p>Genetic sequencing of hair samples (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a carrier in genetic terms?

<p>Someone who does not have the disease but can transmit the gene for it (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Adoption studies typically compare which of the following?

<p>Biological parents vs. adoptive parents (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of studying behavioral genetics?

<p>To understand genetic and environmental influences on individual differences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genetic condition is characterized by having only one X chromosome?

<p>Turner Syndrome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about genetic counseling is accurate?

<p>It informs about the likelihood and effects of genetically based diseases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is most closely associated with the X chromosome alterations?

<p>Fragile X Syndrome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes CNVs in relation to polygenic disorders?

<p>They significantly increase the risks of certain polygenic disorders. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to individual differences by providing unique experiences not shared with family members?

<p>Nonshared environmental experiences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the consideration of angry emotionality, what does a higher correlation in identical twins compared to fraternal twins suggest?

<p>Genes contribute significantly to individual differences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of molecular genetics?

<p>The analysis of particular genes and their effects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of experiences are described as common and make individuals similar within a family context?

<p>Shared environmental experiences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'polygenic traits' refer to in genetics?

<p>Traits determined by multiple genes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the contribution of genes to individual differences in angry emotionality based on twin studies?

<p>Genes have a substantial but not exclusive influence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might gene-environment interactions alter the expression of traits?

<p>They can enhance or reduce the expression based on experiences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the correlation data from the twin study suggest about fraternal twins raised apart?

<p>They exhibit the lowest correlation in emotionality. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Chromosomes

Threadlike structures in the nucleus of a cell that carry genetic information in the form of DNA.

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

The molecule that contains the genetic code, responsible for transmitting hereditary information. It's a long, twisted ladder-like structure.

Mitosis

The process of cell division where one cell splits into two identical daughter cells. Each new cell receives a complete copy of the parent cell's DNA.

Meiosis

The process of cell division that produces sex cells (sperm and egg) with half the number of chromosomes found in other cells. It ensures genetic diversity in offspring.

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Fertilization

The union of a sperm cell and an egg cell, marking the beginning of a new organism.

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Gametes

Sex cells that contain half the number of chromosomes found in other cells (sperm and egg).

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Sex Chromosomes

The 23rd pair of chromosomes that determine an individual's biological sex. XX signifies female, and XY signifies male.

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Male Sex Determination

The process by which the male contributes the X or Y chromosome, ultimately determining the sex of the child.

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Phenotype

The outward expression of an individual's genes, visible characteristics like hair color or eye color.

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Genotype

The actual genetic makeup of an individual, including their genes and alleles.

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Allele

A version of a gene, inherited from the father or mother. They come in pairs, one from each parent.

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Dominant Allele

A gene that expresses its trait even when only one copy is present.

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Recessive Allele

A gene that only expresses its trait when two copies are present.

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Meiosis in Males

The process of cell division in males that produces four sperm cells, each with 23 chromosomes.

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Meiosis in Females

The process of cell division in females that produces one ovum (egg) and three nonfunctional polar bodies, each with 23 chromosomes.

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Human Genome Project

A project that mapped the sequence of chemical units that make up the strands of DNA in a full set of 46 human chromosomes (23 from father and 23 from mothers).

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Genes in the Genome

Only about 2% of the human genome consists of what was defined as genes.

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Mitosis: Growth and Renewal

The process of cell division that occurs in the early stages of development to create all the cells of the body from a fertilized egg.

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Meiosis in Males: Formation of Sperm

The process of cell division in males that produces reproductive cells (sperm) responsible for fertility.

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Meiosis in Females: Formation of Ova

The process of cell division in females that produces reproductive cells (ova or eggs) responsible for fertility.

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Copy Number Variations (CNVs)

Changes in the genome where a section is either deleted or duplicated, spanning a larger DNA region than a mutation.

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Down Syndrome

A genetic condition where an individual has an extra copy of chromosome 21.

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Klinefelter Syndrome

A genetic condition affecting males, characterized by an extra X chromosome (XXY).

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Turner Syndrome

A genetic condition affecting females, characterized by a single X chromosome (XO).

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Carrier

A genetic condition where an individual inherits a gene for a disease but doesn't develop the disease themselves.

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Genetic Counseling

A specialized field that offers advice and information about the likelihood, effects, and management of genetic diseases.

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Prenatal Diagnosis

Diagnostic tests conducted before birth to detect potential abnormalities in the fetus.

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Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD)

A technique used to analyze chromosomes in developing embryos before implantation in the uterus, aiming to prevent genetic disorders.

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Contributions to Individual Differences

Factors that contribute to individual differences in traits, including genetic inheritance, shared experiences within a family, and unique experiences specific to each individual.

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Shared Environmental Experiences

Experiences that siblings share, such as family values, parenting styles, and socioeconomic status.

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Nonshared Environmental Experiences

Experiences unique to each individual, not shared by siblings, such as friendships, hobbies, and specific events.

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Molecular Genetics

The study of genetic variations and their effects on traits, including the identification of specific genes and their variants.

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Gene-Environment Interplay

The interaction between genes and the environment, where environmental factors can influence the expression of genes.

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Heritability

A statistic that estimates the proportion of variance in a trait that is due to genetic factors.

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Twin Studies

Twin studies are used to study the influence of genes and the environment on traits. Comparing identical and fraternal twins helps us understand how much of a trait is due to genetics and how much is due to the environment.

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Polygenic Trait

A complex trait that is influenced by multiple genes working together, rather than being controlled by a single gene.

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What is PKU (Phenylketonuria)?

A single gene recessive metabolic disorder where the body cannot break down the amino acid phenylalanine. This leads to a buildup of phenylalanine which can cause serious health issues like seizures, cognitive impairment, and early mortality.

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What is Behavioral Genetics?

The scientific field that studies the influence of genetics and environmental factors on individual differences in traits and diseases.

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What is Heritability?

The proportion of variability in a trait within a population that can be attributed to genetic differences among individuals.

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Tell me about Twin Studies in Behavioral Genetics?

A study that compares identical (monozygotic) twins with fraternal (dizygotic) twins to determine the influence of genetics and environment.

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Explain Adoption Studies in Behavioral Genetics?

A study that examines the similarities of an adopted child with their biological parents and adoptive parents to understand the impact of genetics and environment on traits.

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What are Concordance Rates?

The percentage of cases where both members of a pair (e.g., twins) share a specific trait or condition.

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What are Longitudinal Studies?

A type of study that examines the differences in the behavior of the same individuals across time, often comparing them to their own earlier behavior at different ages.

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What are Cross-Sectional Studies?

A study that uses different groups of people who represent different ages at the same time. For example, studying a group of 20-year-olds and a group of 60-year-olds.

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Study Notes

Life-Span Human Development, 10e - Chapter 2: Genes, Environment, and Development

  • The book is titled "Life-Span Human Development, 10e" by Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. Rider.
  • Chapter 2 focuses on genes, environment, and development.
  • Individual heredity is a key topic covered.
  • The genetic code is stored on chromosomes, which are threadlike structures made of DNA.
  • Human cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total).
  • Cell division occurs through mitosis for most cells.
  • Sex cells (sperm and ovum) undergo meiosis, resulting in 23 unpaired chromosomes.
  • Fertilization combines 23 chromosomes from each parent to create a new organism.
  • The 23rd pair of chromosomes determines biological sex: XX for females, and XY for males.
  • Conception occurs when an egg is fertilized by sperm.
  • The Human Genome Project (2003) mapped the sequence of human DNA.
  • Only about 2% of the human genome codes for genes.
  • The remaining 98% of the genome plays essential roles in regulating gene activity.
  • Genes have different expressions, determined by either dominant or recessive alleles.
  • Dominant alleles need only one copy to express the phenotype, while recessive traits need two copies.
  • Dominant transmission and recessive transmission are patterns of gene expression.
  • There are three combinations of alleles: homozygous dominant, heterozygous (carrier), and homozygous recessive.
  • Some traits are a mix of genes (polygenic inheritance). Height, weight, and IQ are examples of polygenic traits.
  • Gene-gene interactions are examples of gene interplay in complex traits.
  • Environmental factors can lead to mutations.
  • Copy number variations are instances where genes can be deleted or duplicated.
  • Abnormal numbers of chromosomes, such as in Down syndrome (trisomy 21), can result in developmental issues.
  • Sex-linked conditions, including Klinefelter's (XXY), Turner's (XO or 1 x chromosome), and Fragile X syndrome, can also have varying effects.
  • Genetic counseling helps people understand risks and possibilities of inherited diseases or disorders.
  • Genetic diseases can be diagnosed using methods like prenatal ultrasounds, amniocentesis, and chorionic villus sampling.
  • Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a single-gene disorder where a person cannot metabolize phenylalanine.
  • Early testing and dietary restrictions can prevent serious complications from PKU.
  • Behavioral genetics is a field that investigates the interplay of genetics and environment on traits like personality and diseases.
  • Heritability is the proportion of variability in a trait that is due to genetic factors.
  • Twin and adoption studies are used to study heritability.
  • Gene-environment interplay shows that how genes are expressed depends on the environment. Gene-environment correlations involve passive, evocative, and active correlations between genes and environmental influences.
  • Epigenetic effects refer to environmental factors altering gene expression, potentially explaining variation even in identical twins.
  • Researchers are identifying multiple genes contributing to polygenic traits.
  • There are controversies regarding gene therapy and separating the influence of genes and environment on human development and variations between people.

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Life-Span Human Development, Ch. 2 Lecture PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on genetics and cell division with this quiz, which covers key concepts such as DNA function, genotypes, and chromosome structure. Explore essential terms and processes like meiosis, fertilization, and the genetic basis of traits. Perfect for students studying biology and genetics.

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