Biology Quiz: Genetics and Cell Division

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following correctly describes the role of the 98% of DNA that does not code for proteins?

It is considered 'junk' DNA and has no known function.

It directly codes for the production of essential proteins.

It serves as a template for the creation of new genes.

It regulates the activity of protein-producing genes, turning them 'on' or 'off'. (correct)

What is the term used for the outward expression of an individual's genes?

Allele

Phenotype (correct)

Genome

Genotype

Which of the following combinations refers to a genotype where both alleles are the same?

Both B and C (correct)

Homozygous Dominant

Heterozygous

Homozygous Recessive

In recessive transmission, how many recessive alleles are needed for a trait to be expressed?

Two Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean for a characteristic to be sex-linked?

The gene for the characteristic is located on a sex chromosome. Signup and view all the answers

What is the total number of chromosomes in most human cells?

46 Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell division results in gametes?

Meiosis Signup and view all the answers

What combination of chromosomes determines the biological sex of a baby?

XX for female Signup and view all the answers

How many chromosomes does each gamete carry?

23 Signup and view all the answers

What structure contains the genetic code?

Chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

What process occurs first during human development after conception?

Fertilization Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the fertilization process?

23 chromosomes from each parent combine Signup and view all the answers

In human cells, how many pairs of chromosomes are typically present?

23 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of mitosis in humans?

Growth from a fertilized egg Signup and view all the answers

At what point in the male reproductive cycle does meiosis begin?

At puberty Signup and view all the answers

How many chromosomes does each sperm produced in meiosis contain?

23 chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of meiosis in females?

One ovum and three nonfunctional polar bodies Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the human genome is defined as genes?

2% Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of life does meiosis in females primarily occur?

Early in prenatal development Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the outcomes of mitosis from meiosis?

Mitosis results in identical daughter cells, meiosis results in genetic variation Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the chromosome count after mitosis?

Each daughter cell contains 46 chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

What metabolic disorder is characterized by the inability to metabolize phenylalanine?

Phenylketonuria Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key consequences of untreated phenylketonuria?

Seizures Signup and view all the answers

What does heritability measure in the context of behavioral genetics?

The proportion of variability in traits connected to genetic differences Signup and view all the answers

Which type of study is commonly used to compare genetic similarity between identical and fraternal twins?

Twin study Signup and view all the answers

What are Copy Number Variations (CNVs)?

Instances in which part of the genome is either deleted or duplicated Signup and view all the answers

In behavioral genetics, the concept of concordance rates refers to what?

The percentage of pairs sharing a trait Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is characterized by an extra chromosome, specifically Trisomy 21?

Down's Syndrome Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT mentioned as influencing height in the context of behavioral genetics?

Physical activity level Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method for prenatal diagnosis?

Genetic sequencing of hair samples Signup and view all the answers

What is a carrier in genetic terms?

Someone who does not have the disease but can transmit the gene for it Signup and view all the answers

Adoption studies typically compare which of the following?

Biological parents vs. adoptive parents Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of studying behavioral genetics?

To understand genetic and environmental influences on individual differences Signup and view all the answers

Which genetic condition is characterized by having only one X chromosome?

Turner Syndrome Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about genetic counseling is accurate?

It informs about the likelihood and effects of genetically based diseases Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is most closely associated with the X chromosome alterations?

Fragile X Syndrome Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes CNVs in relation to polygenic disorders?

They significantly increase the risks of certain polygenic disorders. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to individual differences by providing unique experiences not shared with family members?

Nonshared environmental experiences Signup and view all the answers

In the consideration of angry emotionality, what does a higher correlation in identical twins compared to fraternal twins suggest?

Genes contribute significantly to individual differences Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of molecular genetics?

The analysis of particular genes and their effects Signup and view all the answers

Which type of experiences are described as common and make individuals similar within a family context?

Shared environmental experiences Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'polygenic traits' refer to in genetics?

Traits determined by multiple genes Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the contribution of genes to individual differences in angry emotionality based on twin studies?

Genes have a substantial but not exclusive influence. Signup and view all the answers

How might gene-environment interactions alter the expression of traits?

They can enhance or reduce the expression based on experiences. Signup and view all the answers

What does the correlation data from the twin study suggest about fraternal twins raised apart?

They exhibit the lowest correlation in emotionality. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Life-Span Human Development, 10e - Chapter 2: Genes, Environment, and Development

The book is titled "Life-Span Human Development, 10e" by Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. Rider.
Chapter 2 focuses on genes, environment, and development.
Individual heredity is a key topic covered.
The genetic code is stored on chromosomes, which are threadlike structures made of DNA.
Human cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total).
Cell division occurs through mitosis for most cells.
Sex cells (sperm and ovum) undergo meiosis, resulting in 23 unpaired chromosomes.
Fertilization combines 23 chromosomes from each parent to create a new organism.
The 23rd pair of chromosomes determines biological sex: XX for females, and XY for males.
Conception occurs when an egg is fertilized by sperm.
The Human Genome Project (2003) mapped the sequence of human DNA.
Only about 2% of the human genome codes for genes.
The remaining 98% of the genome plays essential roles in regulating gene activity.
Genes have different expressions, determined by either dominant or recessive alleles.
Dominant alleles need only one copy to express the phenotype, while recessive traits need two copies.
Dominant transmission and recessive transmission are patterns of gene expression.
There are three combinations of alleles: homozygous dominant, heterozygous (carrier), and homozygous recessive.
Some traits are a mix of genes (polygenic inheritance). Height, weight, and IQ are examples of polygenic traits.
Gene-gene interactions are examples of gene interplay in complex traits.
Environmental factors can lead to mutations.
Copy number variations are instances where genes can be deleted or duplicated.
Abnormal numbers of chromosomes, such as in Down syndrome (trisomy 21), can result in developmental issues.
Sex-linked conditions, including Klinefelter's (XXY), Turner's (XO or 1 x chromosome), and Fragile X syndrome, can also have varying effects.
Genetic counseling helps people understand risks and possibilities of inherited diseases or disorders.
Genetic diseases can be diagnosed using methods like prenatal ultrasounds, amniocentesis, and chorionic villus sampling.
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a single-gene disorder where a person cannot metabolize phenylalanine.
Early testing and dietary restrictions can prevent serious complications from PKU.
Behavioral genetics is a field that investigates the interplay of genetics and environment on traits like personality and diseases.
Heritability is the proportion of variability in a trait that is due to genetic factors.
Twin and adoption studies are used to study heritability.
Gene-environment interplay shows that how genes are expressed depends on the environment. Gene-environment correlations involve passive, evocative, and active correlations between genes and environmental influences.
Epigenetic effects refer to environmental factors altering gene expression, potentially explaining variation even in identical twins.
Researchers are identifying multiple genes contributing to polygenic traits.
There are controversies regarding gene therapy and separating the influence of genes and environment on human development and variations between people.

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Description

Test your knowledge on genetics and cell division with this quiz, which covers key concepts such as DNA function, genotypes, and chromosome structure. Explore essential terms and processes like meiosis, fertilization, and the genetic basis of traits. Perfect for students studying biology and genetics.