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Questions and Answers
What is one characteristic that distinguishes living things from nonliving matter?
The ability to produce more of their own kind.
What is a function of cell division?
What is the genome of a cell?
The cell's DNA.
How is the DNA in prokaryotic cells typically organized?
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Eukaryotic genomes consist of a single DNA molecule.
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What is chromatin comprised of?
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The number of chromosomes in human somatic cells is ______.
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What do karyotypes help scientists detect?
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In which stage of cell division are karyotypes prepared?
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Where does mitosis take place?
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What separates during cell division?
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Study Notes
Cell Division
- Distinguishes living things from nonliving matter.
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Functions of cell division
- Asexual reproduction: Prokaryotic cells use it to reproduce, as the process creates a new organism.
- Growth and development: Multicellular eukaryotes develop from a single cell (fertilized egg) through cell division.
- Tissue renewal: Cell division replaces cells that die due to accidents or wear and tear in fully grown eukaryotes.
Cellular Organization of the Genetic Material
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Genome: A cell's DNA, which contains genetic information.
- Prokaryotic genome: Often a single DNA molecule.
- Eukaryotic genome: Usually consists of several DNA molecules.
- Chromosomes: Structures that package DNA molecules.
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Chromatin: The complex of DNA and proteins that make up chromosomes.
- Chromatin = DNA + Histone Protein
- Chromosome = Supercoiled chromatin
Number of Chromosomes
- Each eukaryotic species has a characteristic number of chromosomes in each cell's nucleus.
- The number of chromosomes varies by species for example:
- Human: 46 chromosomes (2n) - two sets of 23, one from each parent.
- Dog: 78 chromosomes (2n)
- Cat: 38 chromosomes (2n)
- Pea plant: 14 chromosomes (2n)
- Camel: 70 chromosomes (2n)
- The number of chromosomes varies by species for example:
- Somatic cells: All body cells.
- Gametes: Reproductive cells, like sperm and eggs, have one set of chromosomes (1n).
Karyotypes
- Visual representation of chromosomes.
- Prepared from dividing cells that have been arrested during cell division (metaphase stage).
- Uses of Karyotyping:
- Detecting abnormal number of chromosomes (e.g., congenital disorders)
- Identifying defective chromosomes
Distribution of Chromosomes during Eukaryotic Cell Division
- Sister chromatids: Duplicated chromosomes that are joined at the centromere.
- During cell division, sister chromatids separate and move into two nuclei.
- Once separated, the chromatids are called chromosomes.
Types of Cell Division
- Mitosis: Takes place in somatic cells.
- Meiosis: Takes place in reproductive cells to form gametes.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts related to cell division, including its functions in asexual reproduction, growth, development, and tissue renewal. Additionally, it explores the organization of genetic material, including genomes, chromosomes, and chromatin in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
