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Which of the following is a primary function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

  • Synthesizing lipids and carbohydrates.
  • Manufacturing proteins with attached ribosomes. (correct)
  • Packaging and shipping proteins.
  • Breaking down old cell parts.

    • What role does the Golgi apparatus play in cellular function?

  • Digesting cellular waste and debris.
  • Modifying, packaging, and shipping cellular molecules. (correct)
  • Production of ATP through cellular respiration.
  • Capturing solar energy for photosynthesis.

    • What distinguishes the smooth endoplasmic reticulum from the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

  • Its primary role in protein synthesis.
  • The presence of digestive enzymes.
  • Its involvement in photosynthesis.
  • The absence of attached ribosomes. (correct)

    • Which cell organelle is primarily responsible for breaking down fuel molecules and releasing energy in the form of ATP?

    <p>Mitochondria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of chloroplasts?

    <p>To capture solar energy and make glucose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a principle of cell theory?

    <p>Cells can spontaneously generate from non-living matter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?

    <p>To contain the cell's contents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular structure is responsible for directing the synthesis of RNA and forming ribosomes?

    <p>The nucleolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cell types possesses a nucleus?

    <p>Eukaryotic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cilia and flagella in cells?

    <p>To facilitate cell movement and movement of substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is found in the cytoplasm?

    <p>Ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT found in animal cells?

    <p>Cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of DNA?

    <p>To carry hereditary material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component forms the 'rungs' of the DNA double helix ladder structure?

    <p>Nitrogenous bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If one strand of DNA has the sequence AGGCT, what would be the sequence of the complementary strand?

    <p>TCCGA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a sequence of three bases within a DNA molecule?

    <p>Codon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A unique sequence of bases within a DNA molecule is most directly associated with:

    <p>The production of a unique protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of a nucleotide?

    <p>Amino acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When creating a biological diagram, which of the following is correct about label lines?

    <p>Label lines should be horizontal and extend from the structure to the label.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a biological diagram, how should the labels for structures be printed?

    <p>Using lowercase letters, in an even column on the right side of the drawing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct way to indicate magnification on a biological diagram?

    <p>At the bottom right corner, with the format '100X'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a cell fits approximately 5 times across the field of view under 400x magnification, what is the approximate size of the cell, expressed in micrometers?

    <p>90 μm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diameter of the Field of View (FOV) at 100x magnification?

    <p>2 mm or 2000 micrometres (μm)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a magnification of '100x' signify?

    <p>The image is 100 times larger than the actual object.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum magnification attainable with a microscope that has a 10x ocular lens and objective lenses of 4x, 10x, and 40x?

    <p>400x</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the standard procedure for using a microscope, which adjustment knob should be used first when initially focusing on a specimen?

    <p>Coarse adjustment knob</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When preparing a biological diagram, what is the primary purpose of using a Petri dish?

    <p>To clearly define the field of view for the diagram.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When drawing biological diagrams, what method is suggested to represent darker areas or shadows?

    <p>Stippling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should labels be positioned on a biological diagram?

    <p>In a neat column on the right side of the drawing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If you observe perfectly round, clear circles when using a microscope, what should you suspect?

    <p>You are likely viewing air bubbles on the slide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a correct step when preparing a microscope for use?

    <p>Positioning the high power lens before placing the slide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of mitosis do the centromeres divide, leading to chromatid separation?

    <p>Anaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary event that characterizes metaphase in mitosis?

    <p>The lining up of chromosomes on the cell's equator.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the spindle fibers during anaphase?

    <p>They contract, pulling chromatids to opposite poles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following BEST describes what happens during telophase?

    <p>The nuclear membrane reappears and the cytoplasm divides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In animal cells, how is the cytoplasm divided during cytokinesis?

    <p>The membrane pinches inward to separate the cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference in cytokinesis between plant and animal cells?

    <p>Plant cells form a cell plate; animal cells pinch in.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes cancer cells from normal cells in terms of their division capability?

    <p>Cancer cells are immortal; they can divide endlessly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the proteins produced by a cell?

    <p>To perform various cellular tasks such as growth, maintenance, and reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the immediate cause of uncontrolled cell division in cancer?

    <p>A genetic mutation affecting control mechanisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cell cycle does the cell's genetic material double?

    <p>Interphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key event that occurs during prophase of mitosis?

    <p>The chromosomes condense and the nuclear membrane dissolves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a cell has damaged DNA during interphase, what is an expected response?

    <p>The cell will stop the cycle and either repair the DNA or destroy itself.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many daughter cells are produced from a single cell after a single round of mitosis in eukaryotes?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process initiates the start of cell division in prophase?

    <p>The condensation of chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the chromosomes appear after they condense during the start of prophase?

    <p>As short, fat structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key role of centrosomes during prophase?

    <p>To move to opposite poles of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is least associated with Down's syndrome?

    <p>Advanced physical capabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact do mutagenic agents typically have on the rate of mutations?

    <p>They increase the rate of mutations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the process of selective breeding, as described?

    <p>Selecting organisms for reproduction to influence inheritance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes genetic engineering?

    <p>Deliberate change of genes (genetic material) by science</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a treatment using genetic engineering mentioned?

    <p>Modifying a faulty gene in the patient's stem cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an organism displaying a change in phenotype due to a change in genotype?

    <p>A mutant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a gene mutation?

    <p>An alteration of the base sequence of DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a point mutation?

    <p>A change in one base of DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In sickle cell anemia, which amino acid is substituted for glutamic acid?

    <p>Valine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the change in red blood cell shape caused by sickle cell anemia have?

    <p>Anemia, joint pain and organ damage from poor blood flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do chromosomal abnormalities typically arise during meiosis in humans?

    <p>By unusual gametes forming with incorrect chromosome number.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying cause of Down syndrome?

    <p>An extra chromosome at position 21.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential benefit of having sickle cell anemia?

    <p>Better resistance to malaria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tissue is primarily responsible for transmitting signals throughout the body?

    <p>Nervous tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of connective tissue in the body?

    <p>To bind and support cells and organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle tissue is responsible for voluntary movements?

    <p>Skeletal muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood is classified as which type of tissue?

    <p>Connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a structure is part of an organ system, what two characteristics would you expect to see?

    <p>It functions with a group of other organs and has a specific function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is MOST responsible for the mechanical breakdown of food?

    <p>Teeth and tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the epiglottis during digestion?

    <p>To prevent food from entering the trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of peristalsis?

    <p>To move food through the digestive tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is chyme?

    <p>The mixture of food and gastric acid in the stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of villi in the small intestine?

    <p>To increase the surface area for absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The majority of water absorption takes place in which organ?

    <p>Large Intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of amylase in digestion?

    <p>It breaks down starches into maltose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the majority of protein digestion occur?

    <p>Stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the function of capillaries?

    <p>Facilitating the exchange of materials between blood and cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the provided information, what is the correct order of blood vessels in systemic circulation, starting from the heart?

    <p>Heart, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which materials move across the capillary walls?

    <p>Diffusion along a concentration gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a direct treatment for coronary artery disease?

    <p>Use of an artificial pacemaker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly compares arterioles and capillaries?

    <p>Arterioles are larger than capillaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the location of the heart?

    <p>Between the lungs, behind the sternum, and above the diaphragm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the cardiac muscle tissue that makes up the walls of the heart?

    <p>Myocardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the heart valves?

    <p>To prevent the backward flow of blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which valve does blood pass through when moving from the right atrium to the right ventricle?

    <p>Tricuspid valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the electrical signal for heart contraction originate?

    <p>Sinoatrial (SA) node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of veins?

    <p>Have one way valves to help shunt blood back to the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of one-way valves in veins?

    <p>To help shunt blood back towards the heart, against the force of gravity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general direction of blood flow from the heart through the arteries, and then from what vessels does blood returns to the heart?

    <p>Arteries to veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the epiglottis?

    <p>To prevent food from entering the trachea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the gas exchange percentages between inhaled and exhaled air?

    <p>Water vapor increases from 1.25% in inhaled air to 6% in exhaled air.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the primary role of the alveoli in the respiratory system?

    <p>To facilitate the direct exchange of gases with capillaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the removal of excess carbon dioxide crucial to cellular function?

    <p>It is toxic to cells if allowed to accumulate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural component is present in bronchi but absent in bronchioles?

    <p>C-shaped cartilage rings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Besides the lungs, which structure’s function is essential for equalizing air pressure and preventing fluid build-up?

    <p>Eustachian tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is most directly affected by the constriction of smooth muscle tissue in the airways during an asthma attack?

    <p>The passage of air through the bronchioles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the nasal cavity in the respiratory system?

    <p>To warm, moisten, and filter incoming air.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the ciliated lining in the bronchi?

    <p>To trap and remove debris from the airways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following disorders is characterized by the destruction of the alveoli in the lungs?

    <p>Emphysema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cells

    • Smallest living unit
    • Most are microscopic

    Principles of Cell Theory

    • All living things are made of cells
    • Smallest living unit of structure and function of all organisms is the cell
    • All cells arise from pre-existing cells

    Cell Size

    • Typical plant cell: 10-100 μm

    • Hen's egg: 65 mm

    • Chloroplast: 2-10 μm

    • Mitochondrion: 1-5 μm

    • Neuron cell body: 70 μm

    • Trypanosoma (protozoan): 25 μm long

    • Chlamydomonas (green alga): 5-6 μm

    • Human red blood cell: 7-8 μm diameter

    • HIV (AIDS virus): 100 nm

    • Poliovirus: 30 nm

    • DNA molecule: 2 nm diameter

    • T4 bacteriophage: 225 nm long

    • Escherichia coli (bacterium): 1-5 μm long

    • Tobacco mosaic virus: 300 nm long

    • Unaided vision: 1 mm

    • Light microscopes: down to 200 nm

    • Electron microscopes: down to 0.5 nm

    Bacteria vs Virus

    • A bacteria is smaller than a virus. A bacteria is a prokaryotic cell, while a virus is not.

    Characteristics of All Cells

    • A surrounding membrane (plasma membrane)
    • Organelles – structures for cell function
    • Control center with DNA (e.g., nucleus)

    Cell Types

    • Prokaryotic (bacteria): no organelles other than ribosomes, have cell walls
    • Eukaryotic

    Eukaryotic Cells

    • Nucleus bound by membrane
    • Include fungi, protists, plants, and animal cells
    • Possess many organelles

    Representative Animal Cell

    • Includes: free ribosomes, mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, lysosome, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, microfilaments, plasma membrane, cilia, nuclear pore, nuclear envelope, nucleus, nucleolus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, cytoplasm, centrioles, microtubules

    Representative Plant Cell

    • Includes: ribosome, nuclear pore, nucleus, nucleolus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, cytoplasm, plasma membrane, cell wall, mitochondrion, free ribosomes, vesicle, chloroplast, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vacuole, microtubules

    Animal Cell Wall

    • An animal cell does not have a cell wall.

    Plasma Membrane

    • Contains cell contents
    • Double layer of phospholipids & proteins

    Cell Walls

    • Found in plants, fungi, and many protists
    • Surrounds plasma membrane

    Cytoplasm

    • Viscous fluid containing organelles
    • Components of cytoplasm
    • Interconnected filaments & fibers
    • Fluid = cytosol
    • Organelles (not nucleus)
    • Storage substances

    Cilia & Flagella

    • Provide motility
    • Cilia: short, used to move substances outside human cells
    • Flagella: whip-like extensions, found on sperm cells

    Centrioles

    • Pairs of microtubular structures
    • Play a role in cell division
    • All animal cells have them, but higher-level plants do not

    Nucleus

    • Control center of cell
    • Double membrane
    • Contains: chromosomes (DNA), nucleolus

    DNA

    • Hereditary material
    • Chromosomes = DNA strands
    • Proteins: form for cell division
    • Chromatin (spaghetti-like DNA): is kept like this when not dividing

    Nucleolus

    • Directs synthesis of RNA
    • Forms ribosomes

    Nucleolus vs Nucleus

    • The nucleolus is smaller than the nucleus.

    Endoplasmic Reticulum

    • Helps move substances within cells
    • Network of interconnected membranes
    • Two types:
      • Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER): ribosomes attached to surface; manufacture proteins; may modify proteins from ribosomes
      • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER): no ribosomes attached; builds carbohydrates and lipids

    Golgi Apparatus

    • Involved in synthesis of plant cell walls. It is also a packaging and shipping station for the cell
    • Packaging and shipping station of cell

    Golgi Apparatus Function

    1. Molecules come in vesicles
    2. Vesicles fuse with Golgi membrane
    3. Molecules may be modified by Golgi
    4. Molecules pinched-off in separate vesicles
    5. Vesicle leaves Golgi apparatus
    6. Vesicles may combine with plasma membrane to secrete contents

    Golgi vs ER

    • The golgi apparatus is not necessarily longer than the ER, size can vary. Functionally they are often connected, with ER often being the site where proteins are assembled then packaged into vesicles for transport to the Golgi apparatus.

    Lysosomes

    • Contain digestive enzymes
    • Functions:
      • Aid in cell renewal
      • Break down old cell parts
      • Digests invaders

    Vacuoles

    • Membrane-bound storage sacs
    • More common in plants than animals
    • Contents: water, food, wastes

    Mitochondria

    • Have their own DNA
    • Bound by a double membrane
    • Break down fuel molecules (cellular respiration):
      • Glucose
      • Fatty acids
    • Release energy = ATP

    Chloroplasts

    • Derived from photosynthetic bacteria
    • Solar energy-capturing organelle

    Photosynthesis

    • Takes place in the chloroplast

    • Makes cellular food (glucose)

    • Photosynthesis occurs in algae.

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    Description

    Explore the fundamental principles of cell theory and the characteristics of different cell types. This quiz covers cell size, comparison between bacteria and viruses, and the essential functions of organelles. Perfect for students studying the basics of biology.

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