Cell Biology Overview

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the cell membrane?

  • To control the flow of substances into and out of the cell (correct)
  • To store genetic information
  • To produce energy for the cell
  • To synthesize proteins

Which of the following is NOT a common structure found in most cells?

  • DNA
  • Plasma membrane
  • Cell wall (correct)
  • Ribosomes

What is the difference between cytosol and cytoplasm?

  • Cytosol is the genetic material of the cell, while cytoplasm is the structural support.
  • There is no difference between cytosol and cytoplasm
  • Cytosol is the fluid found outside the cell, while cytoplasm is the fluid inside the cell.
  • Cytosol is the liquid portion of the cytoplasm, while cytoplasm includes all the fluid and components within the cell. (correct)

What are the primary roles of ribosomes in a cell?

<p>Synthesizing proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell division is responsible for the replication of gametes?

<p>Meiosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelial tissue is found in the lining of the urinary bladder, allowing for stretching and expansion?

<p>Transitional epithelium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of areolar connective tissue?

<p>Provides support and cushioning for organs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of blood vessels?

<p>Smooth muscle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of membrane lines the body cavities that are open to the exterior, such as the digestive tract?

<p>Mucous membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the cell membrane?

<p>Nucleic acids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cartilage is found in the intervertebral discs?

<p>Fibrocartilage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Transmembrane proteins are different from peripheral proteins in that they:

<p>Span the entire width of the cell membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The fluid mosaic model of the membrane describes:

<p>The movement of proteins within the membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of protein allows ions to pass through the cell membrane?

<p>Channel proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of receptor proteins in the cell membrane?

<p>To bind to specific molecules outside the cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gap junctions are a type of cell membrane protein that:

<p>Form channels between adjacent cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of cell membrane proteins?

<p>Cellular respiration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these characteristics is NOT associated with epithelial tissue?

<p>Large spaces between cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of connective tissues?

<p>Protecting and supporting other tissues/organs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between merocrine and apocrine modes of secretion in exocrine glands?

<p>Merocrine releases secretions in vesicles, apocrine releases secretions with apical cytoplasm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a type of connective tissue?

<p>Cartilage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the extracellular matrix of connective tissue?

<p>Apical cell surface (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelial tissue is characterized by multiple layers of flat cells?

<p>Stratified squamous (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of secretion involves the entire cell being released with its contents?

<p>Holocrine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a general characteristic of connective tissues?

<p>Highly vascular (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of synovial fluid?

<p>To lubricate joints and tendon sheaths (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of intercellular junction forms a nearly impermeable barrier?

<p>Tight junction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of intercellular junction is responsible for the strength and integrity of the cytoskeleton?

<p>Desmosome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of hemidesmosomes?

<p>Anchoring epithelial cells to the basement membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of tissue growth and modification?

<p>Mitosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when cells die due to insufficient oxygen supply?

<p>Necrosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes is responsible for the restoration of damaged tissue with the same type of cells?

<p>Regeneration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes involves programmed cell death?

<p>Apoptosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the mucous membranes?

<p>Provides structural support for the body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of a serous membrane?

<p>Connective tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is NOT lined by a mucous membrane?

<p>Skeletal muscle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the serous fluid?

<p>To lubricate the surfaces of organs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates a synovial membrane from the other types of membranes?

<p>It lacks epithelial tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cell Theory

The fundamental principles stating that all living organisms are composed of cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Prokaryotic Cells

Cells that lack a well-defined nucleus and organelles, typically smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells.

Eukaryotic Cells

Cells that have a well-organized nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, found in animals, plants, fungi, and protists.

Cytoplasm

The material within a cell, excluding the nucleus, that contains the cytosol and organelles.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Somatic Cells

All non-reproductive cells in the body that divide by mitosis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cell Membrane Function

Acts as a barrier protecting the cell's inner content from the external environment.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Phospholipid Bilayer

A double layer of phospholipids that makes up the cell membrane, with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Integral Proteins

Proteins that span the entire width of the cell membrane, touching both inner and outer surfaces.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Channel Proteins

Integral proteins that allow specific ions to cross the membrane.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Carrier Proteins

Transport specific substances across the plasma membrane.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Receptor Proteins

Proteins that bind to specific molecules (ligands) to trigger cellular responses.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cell Identity Markers

Molecules that help the immune system identify and distinguish cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Na+/K+ ATPase Pump

An enzyme that maintains an electrochemical gradient by pumping sodium out and potassium into the cell.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Histology

The study of tissues, including structure and function.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Epithelial Tissue

Tissue that lines cavities, covers surfaces, and forms glands.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Connective Tissue

Tissue that supports and protects organs, has a diverse structure.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Muscle Tissue

Tissue responsible for body movement and movement of substances.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nervous Tissue

Tissue that conducts electrical impulses and processes information.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Epithelial Layers

Can be simple (single), stratified (multiple), or transitional (varied).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Apocrine Secretion

Type of secretion where the apical cytoplasm is released along with secretion.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Extracellular Matrix

A component of connective tissue made of ground substance and protein fibers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A single layer of flat cells; allows for diffusion and filtrations.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Skeletal Muscle

Voluntary, striated muscle attached to bones; it helps move body parts.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cutaneous Membrane

The skin; a membrane made up of epithelial and connective tissue.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Neuron

Basic unit of nervous tissue; transmits signals throughout the body.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Synovial Membranes

Membranes lining joint cavities that produce synovial fluid for lubrication.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Intercellular Junctions

Connections between cells that provide strength, communication, and control permeability.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tight Junctions

Connections forming an impermeable barrier in epithelial tissues to seal off fluid.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Desmosomes

Strong connections that help cells resist mechanical stress and maintain structure.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gap Junctions

Channels that allow ions and small molecules to pass between adjacent cells for rapid communication.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Atrophy

Wasting away or degeneration of cells or tissues, often due to lack of use.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Necrosis

Cell death in an organ due to disease, injury or lack of oxygen.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Regeneration

The process where damaged tissue or cells are replaced with the same type of tissue.

Signup and view all the flashcards

First Line of Defense

The skin acts as a barrier protecting against pathogens and dehydration.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mucous Membranes

Epithelial tissue with connective tissue that protects and keeps certain body cavities moist.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Serous Membranes

Membranes with parietal and visceral layers covering internal organs, producing serous fluid.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pleura

The serous membrane that lines the pleural cavity and covers the lungs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Cell Theory

  • Cells are the smallest units capable of carrying out life processes
  • All organisms are composed of one or more cells
  • Cells arise from pre-existing cells

Cell Organization

  • Prokaryotic Cells: Lack a defined nucleus
  • Eukaryotic Cells: Possess a defined nucleus

Common Cell Structures

  • Plasma Membrane: Separates the cell's internal environment from the external one
  • DNA: Contains the genetic material
  • Cytoplasm: The liquid portion of the cell
  • Organelles: Specialized structures within the cell
  • Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins
  • Cytoskeleton: Provides intracellular support and facilitates cell movement

Cell Organelles

  • Diagram: A depiction of various organelles shows their location and structure
  • Specific Organelle Functions: The image and text relate functions to specific organelles (nucleus, mitochondria, rough ER, smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, ribosomes, cytoskeleton, cell membrane)

Cell Membranes & Their Functions

  • Structure: Composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
  • Functions:
    • Barrier: Separates the internal cell environment from the external environment
    • Anchors the cytoskeleton
    • Shapes the cell
    • Allows chemical passage (essential molecules in, waste out)

Membrane Proteins

  • Integral Proteins: Span the entire membrane
  • Peripheral Proteins: Found on one surface of the membrane
  • Examples: Channel proteins, carrier proteins, receptor proteins, cell identity markers

Cell Types

  • Gametes: Sex cells (sperm & ovum) reproducing via meiosis
  • Somatic Cells: All other cells in the body, multiply via mitosis

Mechanisms of Movement Across Membranes

  • Passive Transport: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration without energy, including:
    • Simple diffusion
    • Facilitated diffusion
    • Osmosis
  • Active Transport: Movement of molecules from low to high concentration, requiring energy expenditure
  • Bulk Transport: Large-scale movement of molecules in vesicles (Endocytosis, Exocytosis)

Active Transport & Bulk Transport

  • Active transport— moves substances against their concentration gradient; requires ATP and transport proteins
  • Bulk transport — involves large cargo movements in vesicles—phagocytosis and pinocytosis are forms of endocytosis, exocytosis plays an important role in cell secretion

Membrane Potential

  • Voltage difference across a cell membrane due to uneven ion distribution
  • Resting membrane potential (RMP) is approximately -70 mV

Cell Organelles (Further Detail)

  • Structure/Function: Details on membrane-bound and non-membrane-bound organelles, including their respective roles within cells
  • Specific organelles such as the nucleus and mitochondria are discussed.

Cell Cycle

  • Interphase: The stage of the cell cycle between cell divisions (DNA division/replication, and gap phases)
  • Mitosis: Cell division process with stages:
    • Prophase
    • Metaphase
    • Anaphase
    • Telophase

Cell Functions

  • Central Dogma: DNA -> RNA -> Proteins
    • Transcription, Translation
  • Protein Synthesis: The process of creating proteins
    • Steps include initiation, elongation, and termination.
  • Cellular Respiration Steps: Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport
  • Cellular Respiration: Process of breaking down sugar to release energy
    • Molecules needed (glucose, oxygen), products produced (ATP, carbon dioxide, water)
    • Essential for energy production.

Tissue Types

  • Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous
  • Functions/Structures/Examples: Detailed descriptions of these major tissue types and variations

Tissue Growth, Modification, and Repair

  • Atrophy: Decreased cell size or tissue mass
  • Necrosis: Pathological cell death
  • Apoptosis: Programmed cell death (normal cellular process)
  • Regeneration: Restoration of damaged or lost tissue
  • Fibrosis: Scar tissue formation
  • Hypertrophy: Increased cell size
  • Hyperplasia: Increased cell number
  • Metaplasia: Change in the type of cells within a tissue
  • Dysplasia: Abnormal cell development (precursor to cancer)
  • Tissue Repair Steps: Inflammation, proliferation, maturation

Membranes

  • Four Types: Cutaneous, mucous, serous, synovial
  • Structure/Functions/Location/Examples: These are membranes that line the cavities inside the body. These study notes provide a description including their locations and their functions in the body.

Intercellular Junctions

  • Descriptions and Functions: Tight junctions, Desmosomes, Gap junctions

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

BIOS251 Weeks 3-4 Exam Review Guide PDF

More Like This

Introduction to Cell Biology Lecture 1 Quiz
20 questions

Introduction to Cell Biology Lecture 1 Quiz

FearlessConceptualArt avatar
FearlessConceptualArt
Biology Chapter 1: Cell Structures and Functions
32 questions

Biology Chapter 1: Cell Structures and Functions

RejoicingRational avatar
RejoicingRational
Cell Biology Overview
10 questions

Cell Biology Overview

LeadingBlackHole avatar
LeadingBlackHole
Cell Biology Quiz
56 questions

Cell Biology Quiz

ComelyCthulhu avatar
ComelyCthulhu
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser