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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the cell membrane?
What is the primary function of the cell membrane?
Which of the following is NOT a common structure found in most cells?
Which of the following is NOT a common structure found in most cells?
What is the difference between cytosol and cytoplasm?
What is the difference between cytosol and cytoplasm?
What are the primary roles of ribosomes in a cell?
What are the primary roles of ribosomes in a cell?
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What type of cell division is responsible for the replication of gametes?
What type of cell division is responsible for the replication of gametes?
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Which type of epithelial tissue is found in the lining of the urinary bladder, allowing for stretching and expansion?
Which type of epithelial tissue is found in the lining of the urinary bladder, allowing for stretching and expansion?
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What is the primary function of areolar connective tissue?
What is the primary function of areolar connective tissue?
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Which type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of blood vessels?
Which type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of blood vessels?
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Which type of membrane lines the body cavities that are open to the exterior, such as the digestive tract?
Which type of membrane lines the body cavities that are open to the exterior, such as the digestive tract?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of the cell membrane?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the cell membrane?
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Which type of cartilage is found in the intervertebral discs?
Which type of cartilage is found in the intervertebral discs?
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Transmembrane proteins are different from peripheral proteins in that they:
Transmembrane proteins are different from peripheral proteins in that they:
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The fluid mosaic model of the membrane describes:
The fluid mosaic model of the membrane describes:
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Which type of protein allows ions to pass through the cell membrane?
Which type of protein allows ions to pass through the cell membrane?
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What is the function of receptor proteins in the cell membrane?
What is the function of receptor proteins in the cell membrane?
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Gap junctions are a type of cell membrane protein that:
Gap junctions are a type of cell membrane protein that:
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Which of the following is NOT a function of cell membrane proteins?
Which of the following is NOT a function of cell membrane proteins?
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Which of these characteristics is NOT associated with epithelial tissue?
Which of these characteristics is NOT associated with epithelial tissue?
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What is the primary function of connective tissues?
What is the primary function of connective tissues?
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What is the difference between merocrine and apocrine modes of secretion in exocrine glands?
What is the difference between merocrine and apocrine modes of secretion in exocrine glands?
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Which of these is a type of connective tissue?
Which of these is a type of connective tissue?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of the extracellular matrix of connective tissue?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the extracellular matrix of connective tissue?
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Which type of epithelial tissue is characterized by multiple layers of flat cells?
Which type of epithelial tissue is characterized by multiple layers of flat cells?
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Which type of secretion involves the entire cell being released with its contents?
Which type of secretion involves the entire cell being released with its contents?
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Which of these is NOT a general characteristic of connective tissues?
Which of these is NOT a general characteristic of connective tissues?
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Which of the following is a function of synovial fluid?
Which of the following is a function of synovial fluid?
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Which type of intercellular junction forms a nearly impermeable barrier?
Which type of intercellular junction forms a nearly impermeable barrier?
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Which type of intercellular junction is responsible for the strength and integrity of the cytoskeleton?
Which type of intercellular junction is responsible for the strength and integrity of the cytoskeleton?
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What is the primary function of hemidesmosomes?
What is the primary function of hemidesmosomes?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of tissue growth and modification?
Which of the following is NOT a type of tissue growth and modification?
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What is the process called when cells die due to insufficient oxygen supply?
What is the process called when cells die due to insufficient oxygen supply?
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Which of the following processes is responsible for the restoration of damaged tissue with the same type of cells?
Which of the following processes is responsible for the restoration of damaged tissue with the same type of cells?
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Which of the following processes involves programmed cell death?
Which of the following processes involves programmed cell death?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the mucous membranes?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the mucous membranes?
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What is the main component of a serous membrane?
What is the main component of a serous membrane?
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Which of the following structures is NOT lined by a mucous membrane?
Which of the following structures is NOT lined by a mucous membrane?
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What is the primary function of the serous fluid?
What is the primary function of the serous fluid?
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What differentiates a synovial membrane from the other types of membranes?
What differentiates a synovial membrane from the other types of membranes?
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Study Notes
Cell Theory
- Cells are the smallest units capable of carrying out life processes
- All organisms are composed of one or more cells
- Cells arise from pre-existing cells
Cell Organization
- Prokaryotic Cells: Lack a defined nucleus
- Eukaryotic Cells: Possess a defined nucleus
Common Cell Structures
- Plasma Membrane: Separates the cell's internal environment from the external one
- DNA: Contains the genetic material
- Cytoplasm: The liquid portion of the cell
- Organelles: Specialized structures within the cell
- Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins
- Cytoskeleton: Provides intracellular support and facilitates cell movement
Cell Organelles
- Diagram: A depiction of various organelles shows their location and structure
- Specific Organelle Functions: The image and text relate functions to specific organelles (nucleus, mitochondria, rough ER, smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, ribosomes, cytoskeleton, cell membrane)
Cell Membranes & Their Functions
- Structure: Composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
-
Functions:
- Barrier: Separates the internal cell environment from the external environment
- Anchors the cytoskeleton
- Shapes the cell
- Allows chemical passage (essential molecules in, waste out)
Membrane Proteins
- Integral Proteins: Span the entire membrane
- Peripheral Proteins: Found on one surface of the membrane
- Examples: Channel proteins, carrier proteins, receptor proteins, cell identity markers
Cell Types
- Gametes: Sex cells (sperm & ovum) reproducing via meiosis
- Somatic Cells: All other cells in the body, multiply via mitosis
Mechanisms of Movement Across Membranes
-
Passive Transport: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration without energy, including:
- Simple diffusion
- Facilitated diffusion
- Osmosis
- Active Transport: Movement of molecules from low to high concentration, requiring energy expenditure
- Bulk Transport: Large-scale movement of molecules in vesicles (Endocytosis, Exocytosis)
Active Transport & Bulk Transport
- Active transport— moves substances against their concentration gradient; requires ATP and transport proteins
- Bulk transport — involves large cargo movements in vesicles—phagocytosis and pinocytosis are forms of endocytosis, exocytosis plays an important role in cell secretion
Membrane Potential
- Voltage difference across a cell membrane due to uneven ion distribution
- Resting membrane potential (RMP) is approximately -70 mV
Cell Organelles (Further Detail)
- Structure/Function: Details on membrane-bound and non-membrane-bound organelles, including their respective roles within cells
- Specific organelles such as the nucleus and mitochondria are discussed.
Cell Cycle
- Interphase: The stage of the cell cycle between cell divisions (DNA division/replication, and gap phases)
-
Mitosis: Cell division process with stages:
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
Cell Functions
-
Central Dogma: DNA -> RNA -> Proteins
- Transcription, Translation
-
Protein Synthesis: The process of creating proteins
- Steps include initiation, elongation, and termination.
- Cellular Respiration Steps: Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport
-
Cellular Respiration: Process of breaking down sugar to release energy
- Molecules needed (glucose, oxygen), products produced (ATP, carbon dioxide, water)
- Essential for energy production.
Tissue Types
- Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous
- Functions/Structures/Examples: Detailed descriptions of these major tissue types and variations
Tissue Growth, Modification, and Repair
- Atrophy: Decreased cell size or tissue mass
- Necrosis: Pathological cell death
- Apoptosis: Programmed cell death (normal cellular process)
- Regeneration: Restoration of damaged or lost tissue
- Fibrosis: Scar tissue formation
- Hypertrophy: Increased cell size
- Hyperplasia: Increased cell number
- Metaplasia: Change in the type of cells within a tissue
- Dysplasia: Abnormal cell development (precursor to cancer)
- Tissue Repair Steps: Inflammation, proliferation, maturation
Membranes
- Four Types: Cutaneous, mucous, serous, synovial
- Structure/Functions/Location/Examples: These are membranes that line the cavities inside the body. These study notes provide a description including their locations and their functions in the body.
Intercellular Junctions
- Descriptions and Functions: Tight junctions, Desmosomes, Gap junctions
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of cell biology, including cell theory, organization, and common structures. Understand the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, as well as the functions of various organelles within a cell.
