Cell Biology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What major conclusion did Rudolf Virchow make about cell formation?

  • Cells can exist independently of other cells.
  • All cells come from other pre-existing cells. (correct)
  • All cells are identical in structure.
  • Cells can arise spontaneously from non-living matter.

Which of the following statements is part of the cell theory?

  • Cells can exist without being part of a living organism.
  • Cells possess the ability to generate life from non-living materials.
  • All living things are made up of cells. (correct)
  • Cells are larger than tissues and organs.

Which of these scientists is associated with the first discovery of cells?

  • Matthias Schleiden
  • Theodor Schwann
  • Anton van Leeuwenhoek
  • Robert Hooke (correct)

All cells share certain components. Which of the following is not universally found in all cells?

<p>Nucleus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant achievement did Anton van Leeuwenhoek contribute to cell biology?

<p>He created the first powerful microscope. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structural protein that makes up cilia and flagella?

<p>Tubulin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the arrangement of microtubules in cilia and flagella?

<p>9 + 2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the movement of cilia?

<p>Beat-like movement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do lysosomes play in cellular processes?

<p>Breaking down waste and cellular debris (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during apoptosis in relation to lysosomes?

<p>Lysosomes lyse and release enzymes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cell membrane?

<p>To ensure coherence and control transport of substances (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of the nuclear envelope?

<p>Double membrane with nuclear pores (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure within the nucleus is responsible for ribosome production?

<p>Nucleolus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do nuclear pores play in the nucleus?

<p>Regulate the passage of molecules, ions, and RNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substance is present in the nucleoplasm?

<p>Nucleolus and chromatin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unique feature distinguishes chloroplasts from other organelles?

<p>Chloroplasts possess their own DNA and ribosomes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of chloroplasts in a plant cell?

<p>To produce their own food using sunlight. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about chloroplasts is incorrect?

<p>Chloroplasts can be found in animal cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are free-floating ribosomes primarily located?

<p>In the cytoplasm or other organelles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly identifies a characteristic of chloroplasts?

<p>Chloroplasts convert sunlight into chemical energy stored in sugar. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cytoplasm in a cell?

<p>It provides shape and suspends the cell's inner components. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do histones play during cell division?

<p>They wrap tightly around DNA to organize it. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What components are included in the cytoskeleton?

<p>Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are ribosomes primarily made within the cell?

<p>Nucleolus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are chromosomes related to chromatin in the cell?

<p>Chromosomes are the more condensed form of chromatin during cell division. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of mitochondria within a cell?

<p>Generate cellular energy (ATP) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which compartment of the mitochondrion is responsible for the production of ATP?

<p>Matrix (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unique feature distinguishes mitochondria from other organelles?

<p>Ability to replicate independently within the cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During cell division in animal cells, which structure aids in pulling chromosome pairs apart?

<p>Centrioles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structural arrangement characteristic of centrioles?

<p>9 + 0 arrangement of rods (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function is associated with the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

<p>Making and modifying proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

<p>Making membrane lipids and steroids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do vacuoles function in plant cells?

<p>They hold cell sap for storage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the contractile vacuole in protists?

<p>Regulating water balance by expelling excess water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding vacuoles in animal cells?

<p>Vacuoles are typically small or absent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes prokaryotic cells?

<p>They lack a true nucleus and internal membranes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the domains that comprise eukaryotic cells?

<p>Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of eukaryotic cells?

<p>Uniform cell size across all eukaryotes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups includes organisms that are prokaryotic?

<p>Bacteria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The branch of life that leads to multicellular organisms includes which of the following categories of eukaryotes?

<p>Animals, Plants, Fungi (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nuclear pores within the nuclear envelope?

<p>To allow selective passage of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the endomembrane system synthesizes lipids and detoxifies substances?

<p>Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to proteins synthesized in the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum after they enter its lumen?

<p>They undergo glycosylation and modification (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do vesicles contribute to the endomembrane system?

<p>They transport molecules within the cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of proteins that exit the trans-Golgi face?

<p>They get secreted outside the cell or embedded in the cell membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components of the endomembrane system do not have a role in protein synthesis?

<p>Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (A), Nuclear Envelope (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does glycosylation modify proteins in the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

<p>By attaching sugar molecules to transform them into glycoproteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of lysosomes in the endomembrane system?

<p>To break down cellular waste materials and macromolecules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structures are considered membrane-bound organelles in a eukaryotic cell?

<p>Nucleus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells regarding their structure?

<p>Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process did Louis Pasteur's Swan Neck Flask Experiment help to disprove?

<p>Spontaneous generation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Glycoproteins play a key role in which of the following functions?

<p>Cell recognition and signaling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about mitochondria and chloroplasts compared to other organelles?

<p>They can synthesize their own proteins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the arrangements of microtubules differ between centrioles and cilia/flagella?

<p>Centrioles have a 9+0 arrangement. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular structure is involved in the modification and transport of proteins within the cell?

<p>Golgi Apparatus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of classification in biological taxonomy?

<p>Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Prokaryote

A simple cell without internal membranes and a true nucleus.

Eukaryote

A more complex cell with internal membrane-bound structures and a true nucleus.

Eubacteria

A type of prokaryote that is found in a wide variety of environments.

Archaebacteria

A type of prokaryote that is often found in extreme environments.

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Protist

A eukaryotic organism that is not a plant, animal, or fungus.

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What are cells?

Cells are the basic units of life. They are the smallest structural and functional units of all living organisms.

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Cell Theory: Part 1

All living organisms are made up of one or more cells.

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Cell Theory: Part 2

Cells are the basic units of life, meaning they carry out all the functions necessary for life.

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Cell Theory: Part 3

All cells arise from pre-existing cells.

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What do all cells have?

All cells share common structures, including a plasma membrane, a nucleus or nucleoid region, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and genetic material (DNA).

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Cell Membrane

The outer boundary of a cell, responsible for maintaining the cell's integrity and controlling the movement of substances in and out.

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Nucleus

The cell's control center, containing DNA and directing all cellular activities.

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Nuclear Envelope

A double membrane surrounding the nucleus, regulating the transport of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm.

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Nuclear Pores

Openings in the nuclear envelope that allow the passage of molecules, ions, and RNA.

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Nucleolus

A dense region within the nucleus responsible for producing ribosomes, the protein factories of the cell.

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What is chromatin?

Long strands of DNA that contain numerous genes. It forms chromatids, and two chromatids make up a single chromosome. Chromatin is located in the nucleus.

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What is the function of ribosomes?

Ribosomes are small particles found within the nucleus. They are made of proteins and RNA. They are responsible for protein synthesis, a process of creating proteins needed for cell function.

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What is cytoplasm?

A gel-like fluid that fills the entire cell and suspends all its internal components. It's primarily composed of water and salt.

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What is the cytoskeleton? (Function)

The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that gives the cell its structure, shape, and stability. It also plays a key role in cell movement.

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What are histones?

Proteins that DNA tightly wraps around during cell division. They play a crucial role in chromosome organization and movement.

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What are cytoplasmic organelles?

Cytoplasmic organelles are membrane-bound structures found within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They perform specific functions for the cell.

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What is the function of mitochondria?

Mitochondria are responsible for generating cellular energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration. They are often called the "powerhouse" of the cell.

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What are the parts of a mitochondrion?

A mitochondrion has two membranes (outer and inner), a space between the membranes (intermembrane space), folds in the inner membrane called cristae, and the central space filled with enzymes called the matrix.

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What is the function of centrioles?

Centrioles are paired structures made of tubulin protein that play a crucial role in cell division. They help pull chromosome pairs apart during cell division.

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What is the arrangement of rods in a centriole?

Centrioles have a specific arrangement of microtubule rods called a 9 + 0 arrangement. This arrangement refers to nine triplets of microtubules arranged in a ring around a central space.

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What are cilia and flagella made of?

Cilia and flagella are made of microtubules, which are proteins called tubulin.

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How do cilia and flagella differ in movement?

Cilia move in a beat-like fashion, while flagella move in a whip-like fashion.

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What's the structure of cilia and flagella?

Cilia and flagella have a 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules, meaning they consist of 9 pairs surrounding 2 single microtubules.

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What is a lysosome?

A lysosome is a sac containing hydrolytic enzymes, which break down various materials within a cell.

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What are lysosomes' roles in cells?

Lysosomes break down food, bacteria, and worn-out cell parts. They also participate in programmed cell death (apoptosis).

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What are chloroplasts?

Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells that are responsible for photosynthesis. They have their own DNA, ribosomes, and three membranes, suggesting they were once free-living bacteria.

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Where are chloroplasts found?

Chloroplasts are only found in plant cells, also known as producers, which are organisms that can make their own food through photosynthesis.

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What is the function of chloroplasts?

Chloroplasts use energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose (sugar) and oxygen. This process, known as photosynthesis, provides energy for the plant.

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What do free-floating ribosomes do?

Free-floating ribosomes are found in the cytoplasm of cells and produce proteins that will remain within the cell, either in the cytoplasm or other organelles.

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What is the difference between chloroplasts and free-floating ribosomes?

Chloroplasts are specialized organelles found in plant cells that carry out photosynthesis, while free-floating ribosomes are found in both plant and animal cells and synthesize proteins for use within the cell.

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What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?

A network of interconnected, membrane-bound sacs and tubules found in eukaryotic cells. It is involved in protein synthesis, modification, and transport, as well as lipid synthesis.

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What are the two types of ER?

Rough ER has ribosomes attached to its surface and is responsible for protein synthesis and modification. Smooth ER lacks ribosomes and plays a role in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium regulation.

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What is a Vacuole?

A fluid-filled sac found in cells, primarily in plant cells, that stores a variety of substances, including water, nutrients, and waste products. It helps maintain cell turgor and regulate water balance.

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What is the function of a Contractile Vacuole?

A specialized vacuole found in some protists, such as Paramecium, that helps regulate water intake by expelling excess water. This maintains the cell's osmotic balance.

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What is the difference between Rough ER and Smooth ER?

Rough ER has ribosomes attached to its surface, which are responsible for protein synthesis. Smooth ER lacks ribosomes and is responsible for lipid synthesis and detoxification.

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What does the endomembrane system do?

The endomembrane system is a network of membranes within a eukaryotic cell, responsible for transporting proteins and lipids around the cell's interior and playing a vital role in many cellular processes.

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What is the function of the nuclear envelope?

The nuclear envelope is a double membrane surrounding the nucleus, acting as a barrier between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. It controls the passage of molecules between these two regions.

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What is the role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

The RER is studded with ribosomes, where protein synthesis occurs. Proteins enter the lumen of the RER for modification and transport.

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What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) do?

The SER is involved in synthesizing lipids and carbohydrates, as well as detoxifying substances within the cell.

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What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

The Golgi apparatus receives proteins from the RER, modifies them, and packages them into vesicles for different cellular locations. It has a cis face (receiving) and a trans face (shipping).

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How are proteins modified in the RER and Golgi?

The ER adds chemical tags (sugars/glycosylation) to proteins, transforming them into glycoproteins. The Golgi further modifies these proteins, preparing them for their final destination.

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Describe the protein transport within the endomembrane system.

The system transports proteins and lipids through the cell and out of the cell. Proteins can be embedded in the cell membrane or transported to other organelles.

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Swan Neck Flask Experiment

Louis Pasteur's experiment using a flask with a curved neck to disprove spontaneous generation. The flask allowed air to enter but prevented dust particles from reaching the broth inside. The broth in the curved neck flask remained sterile while the broth in the open flask became contaminated.

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Endomembrane System

A network of interconnected internal membranes in eukaryotic cells. It includes the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles. This system functions in protein synthesis, modification, and transport, as well as lipid metabolism and detoxification.

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Protein Destinations

Proteins synthesized on ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are destined for secretion, becoming part of the cell membrane, or functioning within lysosomes. Proteins synthesized on free-floating ribosomes are destined for the cytoplasm or other organelles.

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Glycoprotein Purpose

A glycoprotein is a protein with a carbohydrate attached. It functions in cell recognition, cell signaling, and immune response.

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Mitochondria/Chloroplasts Origins

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA and ribosomes, suggesting they were once free-living bacteria that became incorporated into cells.

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Centriole Structure

Centrioles are cylindrical structures composed of nine triplets of microtubules arranged in a 9+0 arrangement.

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Cilia/Flagella Structure

Cilia and flagella are hair-like structures composed of nine doublets of microtubules arranged around two central microtubules (9+2 arrangement).

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Centrioles vs. Cilia/Flagella

Centrioles are involved in cell division, while cilia and flagella are involved in cell movement. Centrioles have a 9+0 arrangement of microtubules, while cilia and flagella have a 9+2 arrangement.

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