Cell Biology Basics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Who coined the term 'cell'?

Robert Hooke

What is the nucleus often referred to as in a cell?

The brain of the cell

What is the basic structural and functional unit of life?

Cell

According to cell theory, what are all living organisms made up of?

<p>Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first to observe living cells under a microscope?

<p>Anthony Von Leeuwenhoek</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the nucleus in a cell?

<p>Controlling metabolic activities and enclosing genetic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of 'omnis cellula e cellula' introduced by Rudolf Virchow?

<p>All cells arise from pre-existing cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in terms of nuclei?

<p>Prokaryotic cells lack a well-defined nucleus, while eukaryotic cells have advanced nuclei.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes prokaryotic cells in terms of membrane-bound organelles?

<p>Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus in plant cells?

<p>The Golgi apparatus in plant cells is responsible for processing and packaging proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the composition of the plasma membrane based on the fluid mosaic model.

<p>The plasma membrane is a lipid bilayer embedded with proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of carrier proteins in the plasma membrane?

<p>Carrier proteins have specific receptors and transport molecules in a 180-degree manner.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

  • A small positive thought in the morning can set the tone for the whole day, leading to a positive and energetic day.
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  • The text introduces Ayush Agarwal welcoming viewers to study cell biology on Physics Wala platform.
  • The chapter on cell biology in the class 11 curriculum is introduced as an important and familiar topic.
  • The definition of a cell as the basic structural and functional unit of life is provided.
  • All living organisms are composed of cells or are a product of cells.
  • The distinction between unicellular and multicellular organisms is explained.
  • Organisms composed of even one cell are considered living due to the presence of a cell.
  • The term "cell" was coined by Robert Hooke, who observed compartment-like structures in cork under a microscope.
  • Anthony Von Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe living cells in mud water under a microscope.
  • The nucleus is referred to as the "brain" of the cell, responsible for controlling metabolic activities and enclosing genetic material.
  • Cell theory states that the cell is the basic structural unit of life and that all living organisms are made up of cells.
  • Cell theory also emphasizes that metabolic activities in living organisms are a result of cellular interactions.
  • The concept of "omnis cellula e cellula" was introduced by Rudolf Virchow, stating that all cells arise from pre-existing cells.
  • An overview of a cell includes diversity in shapes and sizes, with examples like mycoplasma and neurons.
  • Prokaryotic cells lack a well-defined nucleus and have nucleoid or genophore, while eukaryotic cells have advanced nuclei.
  • Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells show compartmentalization due to membrane-bound organelles.
  • Prokaryotic cells have mesosomes, fimbriae, flagella, inclusion bodies, and ribosomes.
  • Prokaryotic cells also have a cell wall made up of peptidoglycan, providing protection and maintaining cell shape.
  • Eukaryotic cells have tubulin protein, providing cytoskeletal structure and aiding in locomotory structures.
  • Eukaryotic cells show cyclosis, with cytoplasmic movement, and have 80S ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
  • The presence of plasmids is a distinguishing feature of prokaryotic cells, absent in eukaryotic cells.
  • Plant cells have a cell wall, large central vacuole, and plastids, while animal cells lack a cell wall, have small vacuoles, and centrosomes.
  • The Golgi apparatus in plant cells is called dictyosomes, with non-interconnected cisternae, while animal cells have a standard Golgi body with interconnected cisternae.
  • Both plant and animal cells share the common feature of the cell membrane, which is represented by the fluid mosaic model.- The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane as a lipid bilayer embedded with proteins.
  • Singer and Nicholson proposed the fluid mosaic model in 1972 while studying human RBCs.
  • The plasma membrane is made up of lipid (40%), protein (52%), and some carbohydrate.
  • The lipid bilayer consists of a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail.
  • Proteins in the plasma membrane can be extrinsic (attached on the surface) or intrinsic (embedded inside).
  • Intrinsic proteins can be partially embedded or totally embedded, acting as tunnel proteins or carrier proteins.
  • Tunnel proteins act as openings for hydrophilic substances to move across the membrane.
  • Carrier proteins have specific receptors and transport molecules in a 180-degree manner.
  • The plasma membrane's function is to allow selective movement of molecules in and out of the cell.
  • The cell wall is a non-living, rigid layer that maintains cell shape and protects against bursting.
  • The cell wall is made of different chemicals in different organisms like peptidoglycan, cellulose, hemicellulose, and chitin.
  • Primary cell walls are thin and flexible, while secondary cell walls are thick and rigid.
  • Middle lamella acts as a cementing substance to hold adjacent plant cells together.
  • Tunnel proteins are intrinsic proteins acting as openings in the plasma membrane.
  • Carrier proteins are solid intrinsic proteins that move molecules in a 180-degree manner.
  • Bulk transportation of molecules occurs inside and outside the cell through proteins in the plasma membrane.
  • Cell organelles like ER, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, and vacuoles form the endomembrane system, responsible for the transport and modification of cellular products.
  • ER consists of cisterna, tubules, and vesicles and plays a role in protein synthesis and lipid synthesis.
  • Golgi bodies modify and package proteins and lipids received from the ER for transportation.
  • Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes for digestion and exhibit polymorphism.
  • Vacuoles store waste and excretory products temporarily, occupying a significant portion of plant cells.
  • Mitochondria are the Powerhouses of the cell, producing energy through oxidative phosphorylation.
  • Plastids like chloroplasts are responsible for photosynthesis, containing chlorophyll and other pigments for light absorption.
  • Ribosomes are granular structures made up of rrna and proteins, responsible for protein synthesis.
  • Ribosomes can be 70s or 80s, with two subunits each, joining during protein synthesis with the help of magnesium ions.- Cytoskeleton is exclusively found in eukaryotic cells and consists of filamentous protein structures that maintain cell shape, provide motility, and strength.
  • There are three types of cytoskeleton in eukaryotes: microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.
  • Microtubules are made up of tubulin proteins, forming Alpha-Beta heterodimers, which then join to form protofilaments, and eventually 13 protofilaments form a hollow, unbranched microtubule structure.
  • Microtubules help in maintaining cell shape, providing motility by forming cilia and flagella, and aiding in cell division by forming the centrosome organelle.
  • Microfilaments are made of actin and myosin proteins, assisting in muscle contraction, relaxation, pseudopodia formation, and plasma membrane growth during cell division.
  • Intermediate filaments are made of lamin proteins and are found in the nucleus to support and strengthen the nuclear membrane structure.
  • Centrosomes are membrane-less organelles found in animal cells, consisting of two perpendicular centrioles made of microtubules arranged in a 9+0 pattern. They help in cell division.
  • Basal bodies, derived from centrioles, are the origin points for cilia and flagella, which are made of microtubules arranged in a 9+0 pattern for motility.
  • Cilia and flagella are membrane-bound structures made of tubulin protein with a 9+2 microtubular arrangement (9 doublets on the periphery and 2 in the center) within the axoneme, providing motility to eukaryotic cells.

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Test your knowledge on cell biology basics including the definition of a cell, cell theory, cell structures, organelles, cytoskeleton, and cell membrane. Learn about prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, plasma membrane composition, transport proteins, cell wall function, and more.

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