Cell Biology: Lysosomes and Mitochondria Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which cell type is known to have the highest number of lysosomes?

  • Muscle cells
  • Nerve cells
  • White blood cells (correct)
  • Red blood cells

    • Red blood cells contain lysosomes.

    False

    What is the function of the Mannose-6-phosphate signal in lysosomal enzyme processing?

    It targets the enzymes for a lysosomal receptor.

    Lysosomal enzymes are synthesized in the __________.

    <p>rough ER</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their role in lysosome function:

    <p>Lysosomal enzymes = Digestion of waste products Golgi apparatus = Processing and packaging enzymes Mannose-6-phosphate = Targeting enzymes for lysosomes Lysosome vesicles = Fusing with waste products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of intermediate filaments?

    <p>Provide mechanical resistance to stretch and deformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intermediate filaments are composed of only one type of protein.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one of the cell types that contains keratin as an intermediate filament.

    <p>Epithelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vimentin is primarily associated with __________ support and motility in many cell types.

    <p>structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the intermediate filament type with its main function or associated cell type:

    <p>Keratin = Epithelial cells Vimentin = Many cells Desmin = Muscle contraction Cytokeratin = Mechanical resistance in epithelial tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mitochondria in the cell?

    <p>ATP synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mitochondria have a single membrane structure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure in mitochondria houses the electron transport chain?

    <p>Inner membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mitochondria are involved in _________ oxidative phosphorylation and ATP synthesis.

    <p>fatty acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following organelles with their primary functions:

    <p>Mitochondria = ATP synthesis Lysosome = Digestion of waste Peroxisome = Fatty acid oxidation Chloroplast = Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organelles is NOT a part of the endomembrane system?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Peroxisomes are involved in the digestion of cellular waste.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one characteristic feature of peroxisomes.

    <p>Fatty acid oxidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cilia in the respiratory passageways?

    <p>To sweep mucus and particles out of the airways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The paralysis of cilia can lead to an increased risk of infections in smokers.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What health problems are associated with the failure of cilia due to smoking?

    <p>Infections, inflammation, or cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When cilia no longer beat, _______ and __________ from tobacco use stay in the airways.

    <p>pathogens, chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following respiratory problems with their causes related to smoking:

    <p>Infections = Failure of cilia to clear pathogens Inflammation = Accumulation of chemicals Cancer = Continuous exposure to harmful substances in smoke Chronic cough = Efforts to expel retained mucus and chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical cough experienced by smokers primarily trying to accomplish?

    <p>To expel mucus and chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cilia also help in the absorption of nutrients in the respiratory system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the impact of cigarette smoking on the respiratory cilia.

    <p>Cigarette smoking paralyzes the cilia, preventing them from effectively clearing mucus and particles from the airways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lysosomes?

    <p>Uptake and digestion of materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lysosomes are involved in the breakdown of large organic molecules into smaller subunits.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one lysosomal disorder caused by deficiencies of lysosomal enzymes.

    <p>Fabry disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of _____ involves the engulfment of large regions of cytoplasm.

    <p>autophagy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following lysosomal disorders with their associated substances:

    <p>Fabry disease = Sphingolipids Pompe disease = Glycogen Tay-Sachs disease = Sphingolipids Hurler syndrome = Proteoglycans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances can be broken down by lysosomes?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Liver cells do not require many lysosomes for their functions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do lysosomes play in single-celled organisms during starvation?

    <p>Defense mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average pH of the inner membrane of mitochondria?

    <p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Human oocytes contain approximately 5,000 mitochondria.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the transfer of electrons and pumping H+ ions into the intermembrane space?

    <p>Mitochondrial ATP synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ____ are the powerhouses of the cell, responsible for ATP production.

    <p>mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each type of cell with its mitochondrial content:

    <p>Red blood cells = No mitochondria Heart muscle cells = Approximately 5,000 mitochondria Human oocytes = 100,000-600,000 mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the mitochondrial structure is involved in ATP synthesis?

    <p>ATP synthase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mitochondria undergo a process called biogenesis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is heteroplasmy in the context of mitochondria?

    <p>The presence of more than one type of mitochondrial DNA within a cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mitochondrial replacement therapy is associated with the concept of a ____ parent baby.

    <p>three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of mitochondria?

    <p>Hormone secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cell Structure 2

    • The endomembrane system includes the ER, Golgi, and endosomes
    • The digestion center includes lysosomes, peroxisomes, and vacuoles
    • The power plan includes mitochondria and chloroplasts
    • The headquarters is the nucleus

    Learning Objectives

    • Mitochondria characteristics and ATP synthesis, biogenesis
    • Peroxisome characteristics
    • Lysosomes characteristics
    • Proteasomes characteristics and role of ubiquitin
    • Components of the cytoskeleton (microtubules, actin filaments, intermediate filaments)
    • Molecular motors and role in cell functions
    • Cilia and flagella structure and function

    Mitochondria

    • Power plant of the cell, involved in fatty acid oxidation and ATP synthesis
    • Two membranes: outer (perforated with porins) and inner (cristae with electron transport chain)
    • Contain bacterial-type chromosomes (no introns)
    • 103-104 mitochondria in mammalian cells
    • pH ~ 8

    Mitochondrial ATP Synthesis

    • Electrons transported from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen, pumping H+ ions into intermembrane space
    • H+ gradient powers ATP synthesis by ATP synthase
    • ATP synthase rotary pump uses energy for ATP production

    Mitochondrial Biogenesis

    • Nuclear genes on nuclear DNA code for over 1,000 mitochondrial proteins synthesized in the cytoplasm
    • Mitochondrial genes on mitochondrial DNA code for 13 mitochondrial membrane proteins, 22 tRNAs, and 2 rRNAs
    • Proteins imported into mitochondria via specific import mechanisms
    • Visual diagrams and processes of the import system

    Digestion Center (Lysosomes)

    • 50-1000 lysosomes per cell
    • pH ~4.8 (acidic)
    • Contain digestive enzymes produced by the rough ER
    • Digest proteins, glycogen, sphingolipids, etc.
    • Prevent self-digestion by maintaining acidic internal environment and membrane integrity

    Lysosome Function

    • Digest food particles, bacteria, and cellular waste
    • Break down complex organic molecules into smaller subunits
    • Recycle cellular components; crucial for cells

    Peroxisomes

    • Surrounded by a single membrane
    • Contain around 50 enzymes imported from the cytoplasm
    • pH ~6.9-7.1
    • Oxidize 25% of the ethanol alcohol humans drink

    Peroxisome functions

    • Oxidize toxic substances (e.g., H2O2) for elimination.
    • Break down fatty acids
    • Synthesize plasmalogen phospholipids—crucial components of some cell membranes.

    Lysosomal Disorders

    • Deficiencies in lysosomal enzymes cause rare genetic disorders (e.g., Fabry, Gaucher, Tay-Sachs, Pompe).
    • Accumulation of undegraded substances leads to cellular damage.

    Cytoskeleton

    • The cytoskeleton is the internal scaffolding of the cell, providing support and mechanical strength.
    • Components include microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments.
    • Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules each have different dimensions, proteins, and distinct roles and functions.

    Cytoskeleton Function

    • Cell shape, internal organization, intracellular transport, cell assembly into tissues, and cell movement

    Actin Filaments (Microfilaments)

    • Consist of actin protein monomers.
    • Involved in cell shape changes, contractile rings during cell division, and muscle contraction
    • Polymerization and depolymerization enables motility

    Intermediate Filaments

    • Strong, flexible fibers, providing cell structural support, resistance to stretch, and mechanical stress.
    • Consist of various proteins (Keratin, Vimentin, Lamin).
    • Various functions based on cellular type (e.g. maintaining cell shape and strength in epithelial cells, supporting cellular structures in muscle cells)

    Microtubules

    • Hollow tubes composed of α- and β-tubulin dimers.
    • Involved in intracellular transport, maintaining cell shape, and forming the basis for cilia and flagella.
    • Motor proteins (dynein and kinesin) move along microtubules to transport cargo, such as vesicles and organelles.

    Centrosomes

    • Microtubule-organizing centers.
    • Consist of two centrioles arranged at right angles.
    • Organize microtubules and form the mitotic spindle during cell division.
    • Form the basal bodies that anchor cilia and flagella

    Cilia and Flagella

    • Motile cellular extensions composed of microtubules.
    • Drive currents of fluids across the cell surface.
    • Used for movement of substances and in some cases, the cell itself.
    • Composed of a distinctive 9+2 structural arrangement of microtubules.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the function and structure of lysosomes and mitochondria. This quiz covers key concepts including cell types, intermediate filaments, and organelle functions. Perfect for students studying cell biology and related fields.

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