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Which cell type is known to have the highest number of lysosomes?
Which cell type is known to have the highest number of lysosomes?
Red blood cells contain lysosomes.
Red blood cells contain lysosomes.
False (B)
What is the function of the Mannose-6-phosphate signal in lysosomal enzyme processing?
What is the function of the Mannose-6-phosphate signal in lysosomal enzyme processing?
It targets the enzymes for a lysosomal receptor.
Lysosomal enzymes are synthesized in the __________.
Lysosomal enzymes are synthesized in the __________.
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Match the following components with their role in lysosome function:
Match the following components with their role in lysosome function:
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What is the primary function of intermediate filaments?
What is the primary function of intermediate filaments?
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Intermediate filaments are composed of only one type of protein.
Intermediate filaments are composed of only one type of protein.
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Name one of the cell types that contains keratin as an intermediate filament.
Name one of the cell types that contains keratin as an intermediate filament.
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Vimentin is primarily associated with __________ support and motility in many cell types.
Vimentin is primarily associated with __________ support and motility in many cell types.
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Match the intermediate filament type with its main function or associated cell type:
Match the intermediate filament type with its main function or associated cell type:
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What is the primary function of mitochondria in the cell?
What is the primary function of mitochondria in the cell?
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Mitochondria have a single membrane structure.
Mitochondria have a single membrane structure.
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What structure in mitochondria houses the electron transport chain?
What structure in mitochondria houses the electron transport chain?
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Mitochondria are involved in _________ oxidative phosphorylation and ATP synthesis.
Mitochondria are involved in _________ oxidative phosphorylation and ATP synthesis.
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Match the following organelles with their primary functions:
Match the following organelles with their primary functions:
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Which of the following organelles is NOT a part of the endomembrane system?
Which of the following organelles is NOT a part of the endomembrane system?
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Peroxisomes are involved in the digestion of cellular waste.
Peroxisomes are involved in the digestion of cellular waste.
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Name one characteristic feature of peroxisomes.
Name one characteristic feature of peroxisomes.
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What is the primary function of cilia in the respiratory passageways?
What is the primary function of cilia in the respiratory passageways?
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The paralysis of cilia can lead to an increased risk of infections in smokers.
The paralysis of cilia can lead to an increased risk of infections in smokers.
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What health problems are associated with the failure of cilia due to smoking?
What health problems are associated with the failure of cilia due to smoking?
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When cilia no longer beat, _______ and __________ from tobacco use stay in the airways.
When cilia no longer beat, _______ and __________ from tobacco use stay in the airways.
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Match the following respiratory problems with their causes related to smoking:
Match the following respiratory problems with their causes related to smoking:
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What is the typical cough experienced by smokers primarily trying to accomplish?
What is the typical cough experienced by smokers primarily trying to accomplish?
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Cilia also help in the absorption of nutrients in the respiratory system.
Cilia also help in the absorption of nutrients in the respiratory system.
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Describe the impact of cigarette smoking on the respiratory cilia.
Describe the impact of cigarette smoking on the respiratory cilia.
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What is the primary function of lysosomes?
What is the primary function of lysosomes?
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Lysosomes are involved in the breakdown of large organic molecules into smaller subunits.
Lysosomes are involved in the breakdown of large organic molecules into smaller subunits.
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Name one lysosomal disorder caused by deficiencies of lysosomal enzymes.
Name one lysosomal disorder caused by deficiencies of lysosomal enzymes.
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The process of _____ involves the engulfment of large regions of cytoplasm.
The process of _____ involves the engulfment of large regions of cytoplasm.
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Match the following lysosomal disorders with their associated substances:
Match the following lysosomal disorders with their associated substances:
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Which of the following substances can be broken down by lysosomes?
Which of the following substances can be broken down by lysosomes?
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Liver cells do not require many lysosomes for their functions.
Liver cells do not require many lysosomes for their functions.
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What role do lysosomes play in single-celled organisms during starvation?
What role do lysosomes play in single-celled organisms during starvation?
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What is the average pH of the inner membrane of mitochondria?
What is the average pH of the inner membrane of mitochondria?
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Human oocytes contain approximately 5,000 mitochondria.
Human oocytes contain approximately 5,000 mitochondria.
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Which process involves the transfer of electrons and pumping H+ ions into the intermembrane space?
Which process involves the transfer of electrons and pumping H+ ions into the intermembrane space?
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The ____ are the powerhouses of the cell, responsible for ATP production.
The ____ are the powerhouses of the cell, responsible for ATP production.
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Match each type of cell with its mitochondrial content:
Match each type of cell with its mitochondrial content:
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Which component of the mitochondrial structure is involved in ATP synthesis?
Which component of the mitochondrial structure is involved in ATP synthesis?
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Mitochondria undergo a process called biogenesis.
Mitochondria undergo a process called biogenesis.
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What is heteroplasmy in the context of mitochondria?
What is heteroplasmy in the context of mitochondria?
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Mitochondrial replacement therapy is associated with the concept of a ____ parent baby.
Mitochondrial replacement therapy is associated with the concept of a ____ parent baby.
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Which of the following is NOT a function of mitochondria?
Which of the following is NOT a function of mitochondria?
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Study Notes
Cell Structure 2
- The endomembrane system includes the ER, Golgi, and endosomes
- The digestion center includes lysosomes, peroxisomes, and vacuoles
- The power plan includes mitochondria and chloroplasts
- The headquarters is the nucleus
Learning Objectives
- Mitochondria characteristics and ATP synthesis, biogenesis
- Peroxisome characteristics
- Lysosomes characteristics
- Proteasomes characteristics and role of ubiquitin
- Components of the cytoskeleton (microtubules, actin filaments, intermediate filaments)
- Molecular motors and role in cell functions
- Cilia and flagella structure and function
Mitochondria
- Power plant of the cell, involved in fatty acid oxidation and ATP synthesis
- Two membranes: outer (perforated with porins) and inner (cristae with electron transport chain)
- Contain bacterial-type chromosomes (no introns)
- 103-104 mitochondria in mammalian cells
- pH ~ 8
Mitochondrial ATP Synthesis
- Electrons transported from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen, pumping H+ ions into intermembrane space
- H+ gradient powers ATP synthesis by ATP synthase
- ATP synthase rotary pump uses energy for ATP production
Mitochondrial Biogenesis
- Nuclear genes on nuclear DNA code for over 1,000 mitochondrial proteins synthesized in the cytoplasm
- Mitochondrial genes on mitochondrial DNA code for 13 mitochondrial membrane proteins, 22 tRNAs, and 2 rRNAs
- Proteins imported into mitochondria via specific import mechanisms
- Visual diagrams and processes of the import system
Digestion Center (Lysosomes)
- 50-1000 lysosomes per cell
- pH ~4.8 (acidic)
- Contain digestive enzymes produced by the rough ER
- Digest proteins, glycogen, sphingolipids, etc.
- Prevent self-digestion by maintaining acidic internal environment and membrane integrity
Lysosome Function
- Digest food particles, bacteria, and cellular waste
- Break down complex organic molecules into smaller subunits
- Recycle cellular components; crucial for cells
Peroxisomes
- Surrounded by a single membrane
- Contain around 50 enzymes imported from the cytoplasm
- pH ~6.9-7.1
- Oxidize 25% of the ethanol alcohol humans drink
Peroxisome functions
- Oxidize toxic substances (e.g., H2O2) for elimination.
- Break down fatty acids
- Synthesize plasmalogen phospholipids—crucial components of some cell membranes.
Lysosomal Disorders
- Deficiencies in lysosomal enzymes cause rare genetic disorders (e.g., Fabry, Gaucher, Tay-Sachs, Pompe).
- Accumulation of undegraded substances leads to cellular damage.
Cytoskeleton
- The cytoskeleton is the internal scaffolding of the cell, providing support and mechanical strength.
- Components include microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments.
- Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules each have different dimensions, proteins, and distinct roles and functions.
Cytoskeleton Function
- Cell shape, internal organization, intracellular transport, cell assembly into tissues, and cell movement
Actin Filaments (Microfilaments)
- Consist of actin protein monomers.
- Involved in cell shape changes, contractile rings during cell division, and muscle contraction
- Polymerization and depolymerization enables motility
Intermediate Filaments
- Strong, flexible fibers, providing cell structural support, resistance to stretch, and mechanical stress.
- Consist of various proteins (Keratin, Vimentin, Lamin).
- Various functions based on cellular type (e.g. maintaining cell shape and strength in epithelial cells, supporting cellular structures in muscle cells)
Microtubules
- Hollow tubes composed of α- and β-tubulin dimers.
- Involved in intracellular transport, maintaining cell shape, and forming the basis for cilia and flagella.
- Motor proteins (dynein and kinesin) move along microtubules to transport cargo, such as vesicles and organelles.
Centrosomes
- Microtubule-organizing centers.
- Consist of two centrioles arranged at right angles.
- Organize microtubules and form the mitotic spindle during cell division.
- Form the basal bodies that anchor cilia and flagella
Cilia and Flagella
- Motile cellular extensions composed of microtubules.
- Drive currents of fluids across the cell surface.
- Used for movement of substances and in some cases, the cell itself.
- Composed of a distinctive 9+2 structural arrangement of microtubules.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the function and structure of lysosomes and mitochondria. This quiz covers key concepts including cell types, intermediate filaments, and organelle functions. Perfect for students studying cell biology and related fields.
