Cell Biology: Lysosomes and Mitochondria Quiz

The powerhouse of the cell, responsible for generating ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.

A process within mitochondria where energy from food is converted into ATP, the cell's energy currency.

A series of chemical reactions that occurs in the mitochondria, producing ATP and releasing electrons.

Specialized folds in the inner mitochondrial membrane that increase the surface area for ATP production.

A type of membrane protein found in the outer mitochondrial membrane that allows the passage of small molecules.

Small circular DNA molecules found within mitochondria, similar to bacterial chromosomes.

The process of creating new mitochondria from existing ones.

Specialized organelles that break down long-chain fatty acids, produce hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct, and play a role in detoxification.

Red blood cells lack lysosomes, organelles responsible for breaking down waste.

White blood cells contain a high number of lysosomes to break down debris and pathogens during immune responses.

Lysosomes are small, membrane-bound organelles that contain enzymes for breaking down waste materials, cellular debris, and pathogens.

Lysosomal enzymes are synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and then transported to the Golgi apparatus for processing.

A mannose-6-phosphate (M-6-P) signal is added to carbohydrate chains of lysosomal enzymes, targeting them for a specific receptor in the Golgi apparatus.

A specialized protein complex embedded in the inner membrane of mitochondria involved in ATP synthesis, which is the primary energy currency of the cell. This complex acts like a tiny motor, harnessing the energy from the proton gradient to produce ATP.

A process that occurs during cellular respiration where electrons are transferred from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen, generating a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This gradient is crucial for ATP synthesis.

The difference in proton concentration between the intermembrane space (high concentration) and the mitochondrial matrix (low concentration), which drives ATP synthesis. It represents the energy stored within the proton gradient.

A specialized protein complex in the inner membrane of mitochondria that facilitates the transfer of electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen, creating the proton gradient essential for ATP synthesis. It is a major player in the electron transport chain.

The presence of two or more genetically distinct mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNA) in a single cell or individual. It can occur due to mutations in mtDNA or the inheritance of different mtDNA from parents.

A medical condition that arises from mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) affecting the function of mitochondria. These mutations can lead to a variety of symptoms, including muscle weakness, fatigue, and neurological disorders.

A technique used to prevent the transmission of mitochondrial diseases from mother to child. It involves replacing the mother's affected mitochondria with healthy ones from a donor, creating a three-parent embryo.

A rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), resulting in severe neurological impairments, including brain abnormalities and muscle weakness. It is a type of mitochondrial disease.

A type of intermediate filament protein found in epithelial cells, responsible for supporting cells, resisting mechanical stress, and aiding in cell adhesion and movement.

A type of intermediate filament protein found in muscle cells, specifically in the muscle tissue that helps with contraction and movement.

A type of intermediate filament protein found in many cell types, playing a role in cellular structure, movement, and anchoring cells to the extracellular matrix.

A type of intermediate filament protein found in nerve cells, playing an essential role in maintaining the stability of the nervous system.

Strong, fibrous structures found within cells, providing structural support, mechanical resistance, and maintaining cell shape.

Lysosomes are organelles that break down various materials such as worn-out organelles, bacteria, and misfolded proteins through hydrolysis.

The process by which lysosomes engulf and breakdown large regions of cytoplasm, including organelles and other cellular components.

Lysosomal storage diseases are genetic disorders caused by deficiencies in lysosomal enzymes, leading to the accumulation of undigested materials in cells.

Fabry disease, Gaucher disease, Tay-Sachs disease, Krabbe disease, Pompe disease, Hurler syndrome, Hunter syndrome, and Sanfilippo syndrome.

Lysosomes break down food particles, bacteria, worn-out organelles, misfolded proteins, and debris.

Lysosomes break down large molecules into smaller subunits through hydrolysis, releasing them into the cytoplasm for the cell to use.

Liver cells have many lysosomes to break down cholesterol and other materials.

Lysosomes are involved in the defense of single-celled organisms against starvation, by breaking down cellular components for energy.

Tiny hair-like structures that line the respiratory passageways, moving mucus and particles upward to be expelled.

The process of moving mucus and trapped particles upward in the respiratory tract.

The loss of functional cilia in the respiratory tract, often caused by smoking.

A persistent and forceful cough often experienced by smokers, usually caused by the buildup of mucus due to impaired ciliary function.

Microscopic organisms that can cause disease.

The process of damaging or destroying cells, tissues, or organs.

An uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that can invade and spread to other parts of the body.

The process of removing foreign substances from the body, often by the lungs and immune system.