WS 7. Cell's Organelles II - Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Mitochondria
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Questions and Answers

Which organelle actively transports H+ protons into the lysosome from the cytosol producing the acidic environment?

  • H+ -ATPase (correct)
  • Cytochrome c oxidase
  • ATP synthase
  • NADH dehydrogenase
  • Where are lysosomal enzymes synthesized before being transported to the Golgi apparatus for modification?

  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum (correct)
  • Ribosomes
  • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • Nucleus
  • What maintains the low pH within the lysosomes?

  • Proteases
  • Phospholipases
  • H+ -ATPase (correct)
  • Nucleases
  • What is the main function of lysosomes in the cell?

    <p>Intracellular digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of enzymes are lysosomal enzymes?

    <p>Acid hydrolases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of lysosomes?

    <p>Spherical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the lysosomal enzymes capable of breaking down?

    <p>All types of biological polymers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are lysosomal enzymes bud from to form primary lysosomes?

    <p>Golgi apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diameter range of lysosomes?

    <p>Up to 1 μm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do lysosomes contain to maintain the acidic environment?

    <p>More than 50 different hydrolytic enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which organelle does the synthesis of acetyl CoA take place?

    <p>Mitochondrion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the waste product when acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle?

    <p>$CO_2$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the high-energy electrons enter in the electron-transport chain?

    <p>Inner mitochondrial membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate?

    <p>ATP synthase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many molecules of ATP are formed for each NADH in the electron-transport chain?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of mitochondria in the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis?

    <p>Storage of calcium ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced as by-products of?

    <p>Oxygen metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fat tissue is involved in the production of heat, and contains more vessels and mitochondria than white fat?

    <p>Brown fat tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the human mitochondrial genome inherited?

    <p>Maternally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During zygote formation, which genome does a sperm cell contribute to the egg cell?

    <p>Nuclear genome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of lysosomes?

    <p>Digest cellular waste and extracellular components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are autophagosomes and multivesicular bodies (MVBs) related to lysosomes?

    <p>Autophagosomes form to digest unnecessary or damaged cell organelles, and MVBs are developed for sorting ingested macromolecules before fusion with lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do peroxisomes replicate?

    <p>By fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key function of peroxisomes?

    <p>Breakdown of fatty acids, detoxification, and lipid biosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of mitochondria?

    <p>Produce ATP using molecular oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four main compartments of mitochondria?

    <p>Outer membrane, intermembrane space, inner membrane, and matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the inner mitochondrial membrane?

    <p>Contains specific enzyme complexes and ATP synthase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does anaerobic glycolysis take place?

    <p>In the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the outer membrane of mitochondria?

    <p>Contains porin molecules for transport of pyruvate, fatty acids, and other molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the intermembrane space of mitochondria?

    <p>Chemically similar to the cytosol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cellular Organelles: Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, and Mitochondria

    • Lysosomes are organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest cellular waste and extracellular components, formed from the fusion of primary and secondary lysosomes.
    • Autophagosomes form to digest unnecessary or damaged cell organelles, and multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are developed for sorting ingested macromolecules before fusion with lysosomes.
    • Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments surrounded by a single membrane, derived from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and contain over 60 different enzymes, including catalase and urate oxidase.
    • Peroxisomes are involved in processes such as breakdown of fatty acids, detoxification, and lipid biosynthesis, including the synthesis of cholesterol, bile acids, and plasmalogens.
    • Peroxisomes replicate by fission and contain integral membrane proteins synthesized in the ER, with a half-life of only 5 days.
    • Mitochondria are energy organelles that use molecular oxygen to produce ATP, formed from pre-existing mitochondria by fission or budding.
    • Mitochondria have four main compartments: outer membrane, intermembrane space, inner membrane, and inner space filled with matrix, containing specific enzyme complexes and mitochondrial DNA.
    • The inner mitochondrial membrane is folded into cristae, contains phospholipid cardiolipin, and houses the enzymes of the respiratory chain and ATP synthase.
    • Mitochondria serve as the energy center of the cell, converting energy from food into ATP through a process that includes anaerobic glycolysis, taking place in the cytoplasm.
    • The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains porin molecules that form large aqueous channels for transport of pyruvate, fatty acids, and other molecules.
    • The intermembrane space of mitochondria is chemically similar to the cytosol, while the inner membrane is highly specialized, containing specific transport proteins and being impermeable to ions.
    • The inner mitochondrial space is filled with the matrix, where specific enzyme complexes metabolize pyruvate and fatty acids to acetyl CoA, and mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes are present.

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    Test your knowledge of lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria with this quiz on the functions and characteristics of these cellular organelles.

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