Biology Chapter on Cell Organelles
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of lysosomes?

  • To break down large molecules into smaller molecules. (correct)
  • To store genetic information.
  • To produce energy for the cell.
  • To synthesize proteins.

    • Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of lysosomes?

  • They function under acidic conditions.
  • They are membrane-bound organelles.
  • They are involved in cellular respiration. (correct)
  • They contain hydrolytic enzymes.

    • What is the role of the lysosomal lumen in the digestive process?

  • It contains genetic material for enzyme synthesis.
  • It provides a neutral pH environment for optimal enzyme activity.
  • It maintains an acidic pH that allows for optimal hydrolytic enzyme activity. (correct)
  • It acts as a barrier, preventing enzymes from escaping into the cytoplasm.

    • Which of the following is an example of a symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit?

    <p>A bee pollinating a flower (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary location of ATP production in animal cells?

    <p>Mitochondria. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between mutualism and commensalism?

    <p>Mutualism is beneficial to both species, while commensalism only benefits one. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cristae within mitochondria?

    <p>They increase the surface area for ATP production. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a commensal relationship?

    <p>A bird building its nest in a tree (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the fungus in a lichen symbiotic relationship?

    <p>The fungus helps the algae absorb water and nutrients. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the distribution of mitochondria within a cell relate to its function?

    <p>Cells with higher energy demands, such as muscle cells, have a higher concentration of mitochondria. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of mutualism?

    <p>A shark eating a fish (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of anaerobic respiration in ATP production?

    <p>Anaerobic respiration is a backup system for ATP production when oxygen is limited. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of interaction is described by the relationship between Trichonympha and termites?

    <p>Mutualism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between lysosomes and mitochondria?

    <p>Lysosomes are responsible for breaking down damaged mitochondria. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organisms are classified under the domain Eukarya?

    <p>Fungi (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of positive interaction between organisms?

    <p>Parasitism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of meiosis I does crossing over occur?

    <p>Pachytene (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of synapsis in meiosis?

    <p>It facilitates the pairing of homologous chromosomes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is TRUE about the diakinesis stage of prophase I?

    <p>Centrioles migrate to opposite poles and aster rays form. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the first and second meiotic divisions?

    <p>The first division involves crossing over, while the second division does not. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of meiosis I do homologous chromosomes begin to separate?

    <p>Diplotene (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of chiasmata in meiosis?

    <p>They are the sites of crossing over between homologous chromosomes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between mitotic prophase and meiotic prophase I?

    <p>Mitotic prophase does not involve the pairing of homologous chromosomes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a substage of prophase I?

    <p>Metaphase I (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of codominance?

    <p>The situation in which two different alleles for a trait are expressed unblended in the phenotype of heterozygous individuals. Neither allele is dominant or recessive, so that both appear in the phenotype or influence it. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of DNA?

    <p>Proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a dominant allele and a recessive allele?

    <p>Dominant alleles mask the presence of recessive alleles in the phenotype, while recessive alleles are only expressed when two copies are present. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the F1 generation in genetics?

    <p>The F1 generation is the first generation of offspring produced from a cross between two pure-breeding parents. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of chromosomes in inheritance?

    <p>Chromosomes are the vehicles of genetic information and contain genes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of codominance?

    <p>The inheritance of blood type in humans, specifically type AB. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is evolution related to genetics?

    <p>Evolution is the process of genetic change in a population over time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between cross-pollination and self-pollination?

    <p>Cross-pollination involves the transfer of pollen from one plant to another, while self-pollination involves the transfer of pollen from one flower to another on the same plant. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the development of clinging organs in endoparasites?

    <p>To secure attachment to the host's internal tissues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is parthenogenesis in the context of endoparasites?

    <p>The growth of an organism from an unfertilized egg (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one characteristic that distinguishes endoparasites from external parasites?

    <p>Endoparasites live within the host's body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for parasites that need multiple intermediate hosts?

    <p>Ingestion of contaminated food or water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do external parasites, like ticks and fleas, primarily contribute to the spread of disease?

    <p>By acting as vectors, transmitting pathogens from one host to another (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organism is most likely responsible for the disease aspergillosis?

    <p>Fungi (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common effect of parasitic infections on the host?

    <p>Damage to body structures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one factor that can contribute to the spread of disease in animals caused by parasitic infections?

    <p>Overcrowding and close contact between animals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between daughter cells and parent cells in terms of chromosomes?

    <p>Daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes as parent cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of crossing over in the process of cell division?

    <p>Crossing over results in daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell, but with different combinations of genes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mitotic division?

    <p>To replace worn-out cells and contribute to growth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between mitotic division and meiotic division?

    <p>Mitotic division produces daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell, while meiotic division produces daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a carrier in genetics?

    <p>An individual who carries one copy of a dominant allele and one copy of a recessive allele. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between alleles and homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Alleles are different forms of a gene that occupy the same locus on homologous chromosomes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the process of chromosome duplication during prophase?

    <p>All of the above statements are accurate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the difference between the prophase stages of mitosis and meiosis?

    <p>The prophase of mitosis is shorter and has no sub-stages, while the prophase of meiosis is longer and has five sub-stages. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    CELL STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION

    • A cell is the simplest unit of a living organism
    • It is the basic unit of structure and function of all life
    • Cell biology is the study of cell structure, function, molecular organization, growth, reproduction and genetics
    • Cytology is another term for cell biology
    • Cytology focuses on the study of structures and functions of specialized cells
    • Cell biology can be studied through, classical cytology, Cell physiology and Cell biology

    HISTORY OF CELL BIOLOGY

    • Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) and Paracelsus concluded that all animals and plants are composed of a few basic elements repeated throughout them
    • Magnifying lenses lead to the study of microscopic dimensions
    • Da Vinci (1485) recommended the use of lenses in viewing small objects
    • Gesner (1516-1565) conducted studies on the structure of foraminifera using a magnifying lens

    CELL THEORY

    • Schleiden (1804-1881) proposed that cells are units of structure in plants
    • Schwann (1810-1882) applied the theory of cells being the unit of structure to animals
    • All living things are composed of one or more cells 
    • All metabolic reactions occur within cells
    • All cells come from pre-existing cells
    • The cell is the basic unit of structure and function of all life

    EXCEPTIONS TO CELL THEORY

    • Some organisms do not have cells, but all true cells have three basic characteristics:
    • Genes that make blueprints for cellular activities and new cells
    • A plasma membrane that regulates the passage of matter and energy
    • Metabolic machinery for sustaining cell activities (growth, reproduction and repair)
    • Viruses do not fit the parameters of a true cell

    ANIMAL CELL

    • Contains organelles, including a nucleus which directs cell activities, mitochondria which generates energy, ribosomes which manufacture proteins, Golgi apparatus that modifies, packages, and distributes proteins, and lysosomes that store enzymes for digesting food.
    • The cell is enclosed by a lipid membrane that regulates what enters and exits, selectively permeable

    PLANT CELL

    • Contains a nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, smooth endoplasmic reticulum (responsible for lipid production), vacuoles and chloroplasts that capture energy from sunlight.
    • The rigid cell wall protects the cell and maintains the shape.

    DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS

    Feature Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
    Size Mostly between 1-10µm Mostly between 10-100µm
    Multicellular forms Rare Common
    Cell wall Present (in most, not all) Only in plant and fungi
    Plasma membrane Present Present
    Nucleus Absent Present
    Nuclear membrane Absent Present
    Chromatin w/ histone Absent Present
    Genetic material Circular or linear, double stranded Linear double stranded DNA, intron sequences
    Nucleoli & mitotic apparatus Absent Present
    Plasmids Common Rare
    Cellular organelles Mostly absence of cellular organelles Presence of cellular organelles
    Ribosomes 70s 80s
    Respiration Many strict anaerobes (oxygen fatal) All are aerobic, some anaerobes

    TYPES OF CELLULAR ORGANELLES

    • Plasma membrane and cell wall
    • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
    • Golgi apparatus
    • Lysosomes
    • Mitochondria
    • Plastids (chloroplasts and vacuoles)
    • Nucleus
    • Chromosomes
    • Ribosomes
    • Centrioles & Basal bodies
    • Cilia & Flagella
    • Vacuoles
    • Peroxisomes & Glycoxysomes

    FUNCTIONS OF CELLULAR ORGANELLES

    • Many functions like separating cytoplasm from its environment, controlling movement of material, facilitating transportation etc.

    ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)

    • Network of sheets and tubules throughout a cell
    • Transports chemicals within & between cells
    • Provides a large surface area for the organization of chemical reactions and synthesis.

    GOLGI APPARATUS/COMPLEX

    • Stacks of flattened sacs of unit membrane
    • Modifies, packages, and dispatches materials within animals and plants.

    LYSOSOMES

    • Membrane-bound bag containing hydrolytic enzymes
    • Break down large molecules inside a cell
    • Involved in intracellular digestion
    • Mostly found in animal cells

    MITOCHONDRIA

    • Filled with inner membrane infoldings called cristae
    • Site of cellular respiration, release of chemical energy from food.

    PLASTIDS

    • Two membrane-bound compartments
    • Found in plant cells
    • Involved in photosynthesis and storage
    • Examples: chloroplasts

    NUCLEUS

    • Contains nuclear material, nucleolus and nucleoplasm
    • Controls metabolic and hereditary activities in a cell

    CHROMOSOMES

    • Components of special organization found in the nucleus
    • Involved in heredity, mutation, variation, and evolutionary development of species

    RIBOSOMES

    • Dense, round, granular particles of ribonucleo protein
    • Involved in protein synthesis in cells.

    CENTRIOLES AND BASAL BODIES

    • Cytoplasmic structures near the nucleus
    • Have roles in mitosis, and flagella or cilia formation.

    CILIA & FLAGELLA

    • Microscopic, contractile, filamentous processes of the cytoplasm
    • Functions such as food currents, sensory organs, and cell movement.

    VACUOLES

    • Single layer of unit membrane
    • Plays a role in maintaining turgor pressure and storing water and chemicals.

    MICROBODIES

    • Spherical membrane-bound bodies found within close association with other organelles
    • Contain enzymes for various metabolic reactions.

    PEROXISOMES

    • Involved in metabolic reactions, such as breakdown of fatty acids

    GLYCOXYSOMES

    • Found in plants
    • Involved in fatty acid metabolism

    CHARACTERISTICS AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS

    • Movement
    • Reproduction
    • Nutrition
    • Irritability
    • Growth
    • Excretion
    • Respiration
    • Death

    CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS

    • Grouping living things to reflect evolutionary relationships and modes of nutrition.

    BIOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS

    • Types of relationships between organisms in an ecosystem.
    • Examples of interactions:
      • Mutualism
      • Commensalism
      • Protocooperation

    PARASITISM

    • One organism is harmed while the other is benefited
    • Can include types of interaction that can potentially result in harm to the host. 

    PREDATION

    • One organism eats another
    • Types of examples would be herbivores, carnivores and or insect parasitism, cannibalism

    AMENSALISM

    • The interaction that results in the harm of one population/species which has minimal effect on the second species/population

    COMPETITION

    • The interaction when organisms attempt to utilize the same resource which is limited
    • Types of competition: interspecies and intraspecies

    ECOSYSTEM

    • Includes all the organisms living in a given area, with their physical environment and energy flow.
    • Includes diverse types of interactions that lead to a continual exchange of energy and nutrients between biotic and abiotic components. 

    KINDS OF ECOSYSTEMS

    • Natural ecosystems
    • Terrestrial ecosystems: (forests, grasslands, deserts, savannahs etc.)
    • Aquatic ecosystems:
      • Freshwater ecosystems (lotic, and lentic)
      • Marine ecosystems
    • Artificial ecosystems: (croplands, villages, etc.)

    STRUCTURE OF ECOSYSTEMS

    • Abiotic components (moisture, inorganic substances like phosphorus, sulfur, carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, organic substances like proteins, etc)
    • Biotic components (nutritional relationships between living organisms- Autotrophs, or Heterotrophs- herbivores, carnivores etc.)

    FUNCTION OF ECOSYSTEM

    • Rate of biological energy flow, nutrient cycles, and ecological regulation.

    FOOD CHAIN IN ECOSYSTEMS

    • Transfer of food energy through a group of organisms.
    • Example: producers --> primary consumers --> secondary consumers --> tertiary consumers

    ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS

    • Graphical representation of trophic structure and function at successive trophic levels.
    • Types: pyramid of numbers, pyramid of biomass, pyramid of energy

    ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEM

    • Energy flows from the sun through producers to consumers
    • Gradual decrease in energy content at each trophic level

    ECOLOGICAL NICHE

    • The role or position of a species in a community.

    CELL DIVISION

    • Process whereby a cell divides to form two or more new cells
    • Used for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction

    MITOSIS

    • Produces two identical daughter cells. 
    • Essential for the growth, repair, and asexual reproduction of most eukaryotic organisms.

    MEIOSIS

    • Forms four daughter cells with half the genetic material as the parent cell
    • Necessary for sexual reproduction in eukaryotic organisms

    HEREDITY

    • Passing of genetic information through generations
    • Includes terminologies like alleles, carriers, and genotypes.

    EVOLUTION

    • The sum total of adaptive changes over long periods of time, in terms of structure and function.
    • Fossil records, geographical distribution, comparative anatomy and domesticated organism show that life forms changes over time.

    LAMARCK'S THEORY OF EVOLUTION

    • Suggested use and disuse of organs, as an important factor in evolution. 
    • Theory doesn't explain how species change to adapt to the environment.

    DARWIN'S THEORY OF EVOLUTION

    • Theory of Natural Selection
    • Species with variations better adapted to their environments, are more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass their traits 
    • Includes processes such as variation, heredity, struggle, natural selection, and genetic traits.

    MODERN EVOLUTIONARY THEORY

    • Combination of natural selection and genetics
    • Includes that variation exists in populations
    • Individuals with favourable variations are more adapted
    • The fittest contribute more offspring
    • Main cause of variation is mutation 

    TISSUES

    • Groups of cells performing similar functions.
    • Includes:
      • Epithelial tissue
      • Connective tissue
      • Muscle tissue
      • Nervous tissue

    EPITHELIAL TISSUE

    • Covers body surfaces
    • Lines body cavities
    • Forms glands

    CONNECTIVE TISSUE

    • Supports and connects other tissues
    • Includes cartilage, bone, blood, and lymph

    MUSCLE TISSUES

    • Enables movement of the body
    • Includes three types:
      • Skeletal muscle
      • Smooth muscle
      • Cardiac muscle

    NERVOUS TISSUE

    • Enables the transmission of signals
    • Found in the brain, spinal cord, and throughout the body 

    NEURAL COMMUNICATION

    • How neurons/nervous system interact

    REFLEXES

    • Rapid, predictable, and usually involuntary response to stimuli
    • Includes the:
      • Somatic reflexes
      • Autonomic reflexes

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