Carrier Sense Multiple Access Overview

The core principle is to sense the channel's state, allowing transmission when idle and deferring when busy.

CSMA/CA is used for wireless networks where collision detection isn't possible, relying on collision avoidance instead.

The first number represents the data rate in Mbps.

<p>The four standards are 10Base5, 10Base2, 10Base-T, and 10Base-F.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethernet uses Manchester digital encoding for signaling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One key limitation is the maximum cable length, which can restrict the distance of network connections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A station can transmit if it senses the channel is idle; otherwise, it must defer its transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The CRC field is used for error detection in the frame.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A break in the ring can disable the entire network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>International Telecommunication Union (ITU).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>International Organization for Standards (ISO).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ASCII.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>V-Series.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is easy to install and configure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Changing two connections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>American National Standard Institute (ANSI).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compatibility and consistency in communication protocols.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can limit the network’s flexibility and performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Baseband transmits a single stream of data while broadband can transmit multiple streams simultaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IEEE 802.3 standards primarily define Ethernet networking technologies and their cabling methods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The maximum distance for 10Base2 cabling is 185 meters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>100Base-T Ethernet uses a full-duplex transmission technique.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Twisted pair cabling reduces electromagnetic interference and allows for higher data transmission rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detect)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>6 octets long, which equals 48 bits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To synchronize the receiving station's clock.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individual/Group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>FFFFFFFFFFFFh.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Universal/Local.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It indicates the start of the frame.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Datagrams into Packets/Frames.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>10Base5, 10Base2, 10Broad36, 1Base5, 10BaseT.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides logical link control functions for network communications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Radio waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Optical Fiber Cable</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thick net (RG-8 and RG-11 coaxial cable)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>For controlling devices like remote controls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) and Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0 - 600 MHz</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Open Wire</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glass or plastic filaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Up to 2 kilometers</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TCP is connection-oriented and ensures reliable data transmission, while UDP is connectionless and does not guarantee delivery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subnetting divides a larger network into smaller, manageable subnetworks to optimize performance and enhance security.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A router directs data packets between different networks, facilitating communication across the WAN.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ADSL modems are for asymmetric data transfer, SDSL modems provide symmetrical transfer rates, and VDSL offers high-speed access to users.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IEEE 802.11 defines the standards for wireless local area networks (WLANs), enabling devices to communicate over radio frequencies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IPv6 offers a vastly larger address space and improved routing efficiency compared to IPv4.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A media converter translates signals from one transmission medium to another, such as converting copper to fiber optic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wi-MAX provides wireless broadband access over longer distances compared to traditional Wi-Fi.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A web browser selects a web server, contacts it, and requests a web page for display.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presentation layer converts data from various formats into displayable formats for the user.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The web browser opens a TCP connection to the web server and receives the web page before closing the connection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The browser interprets HTML tags within the web page to locate and open additional TCP connections for other files.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TCP connections facilitate reliable communication between the web browser and the web server during data transfer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A web browser launches an external application when it cannot convert a file format for display.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A web browser can handle image files, audio files, and HTML among other formats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A web page contains instructions written in HTML tags directing the browser to find additional files.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A session in web browsing refers to a single TCP connection established for communication between the browser and a web server.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presentation layer ensures that the data from web servers is converted into formats that are understandable and displayable to users.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Internet allows access to any user with dial-up, while the Intranet is restricted to organization employees and internal company departments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Internet is regulated by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), overseeing technical and engineering development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Internet has a low security level configured under 0, whereas the Intranet has a high security level configured under 100.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Internet provides wide area coverage, while the Intranet is limited to within an organization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High security in Intranet networks ensures reliable internal communication and protection of sensitive company information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The four types of topology are mesh, star, bus, and ring. In star topology, all devices connect to a central hub, facilitating easy management.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Internet allows for a large number of users, while the Intranet restricts access to a limited number of users within an organization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Internet faces unpredictable system failures, while the Intranet generally has high availability due to monitoring by authorities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Different security configurations address the varying levels of risk; the Internet needs lower security for accessibility, and the Intranet requires higher security to protect sensitive data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Baseband transmission sends a single stream of data, while broadband can transmit multiple data streams simultaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 10BaseT and 100Base-TX standards both have a maximum distance limit of 100 meters using twisted pair cabling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>10Broad36 uses broadband coaxial cabling and has a maximum transmission distance of 3600 meters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>10Base5 was phased out due to its bulky cabling and limitations compared to the more versatile 10Base2 (Thin Coax) and other newer standards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 1Base5 standard has a data transfer rate of 1 Mbps.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A single-bit error occurs when only one bit in the data unit has changed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A burst error involves two or more bits changing in the data unit, unlike a single-bit error where only one bit is affected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Redundant bits are sent to help detect or correct errors that may occur during data transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Block coding involves dividing messages into blocks of k bits and adding r redundant bits to create code words of length n = k + r.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the 4b/5b coding scheme, 4 bits of data are encoded into 5 bits, allowing for more efficient transmission with error detection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A received codeword may be discarded if it is not recognized as a valid codeword.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>If multiple bits change, it may result in a new valid codeword that leads to undetectable errors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Error-detecting codes function by using specific patterns or redundant bits to identify and flag errors in data transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Common error detection methods include Parity checking, Block coding, CRC, and Checksum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Redundance allows the receiver to identify errors by comparing received bits with expected patterns and potentially correcting them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using the burnt-in ROM address is recommended.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It indicates the length of the Information Field.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Pad is used to ensure the Information Field meets the minimum size of 46 octets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The FCS is used for error-checking at the bit level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Source Address indicates the transmitting station of the frame.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main components are the header field (conveys address and control information), data field (contains user data), and trailer field (contains checksum for error checking).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Distributed processing involves dividing tasks among multiple computers to enhance efficiency. Its advantages include improved security and faster problem-solving.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Performance can be measured by transit time and response time, influenced by user numbers, transmission medium, hardware capabilities, and software efficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A network must ensure accuracy of delivery, low frequency of failure, and quick recovery from failures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The checksum value is used by the receiver to verify if the packet was corrupted during transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nodes are devices connected by communication links that send and receive data; they can be computers, printers, or other data-capable devices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Having a fixed size may require multiple packets if the user data exceeds this limit, necessitating numbering for proper assembly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>These criteria ensure efficient operation, consistent delivery of data, and protection against unauthorized access or data breaches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Internet is accessible to anyone worldwide, while an Intranet is restricted to members within a specific organization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intranet can be privatized based on needs, providing a safer environment for its users compared to the open nature of the Internet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both Intranet and Internet utilize protocols such as TCP/IP and FTP for data transfer and communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IP addresses uniquely identify each computer in the Intranet, allowing for proper communication within the network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Instant Messengers on Intranets can provide secure and efficient communication between members without relying on external systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Internet connects thousands of computer networks, aggregating an extensive amount of globally distributed knowledge resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The term 'network of networks' refers to the Internet's structure, which comprises numerous interconnected computer networks worldwide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intranet sites are accessible through web browsers just like websites on the Internet, but only to authorized members.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Internet offers faster information transfer across geographical boundaries compared to the localized transfer within an Intranet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intranet is limited in its access, allowing only a specific group of users, whereas the Internet is open to the general public.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To enable digital data to be transmitted over analog media.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A technique that converts analog signals into digital data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Modulation is needed to fit the analog signal into a band-pass channel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Line coding, block coding, and scrambling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Un-Guided and Guided Transmission Media.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A modem interfaces digital sources with analog media for effective communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Line coding specifies how digital data is represented in the transmission medium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transmission of voice and video signals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Different techniques optimize the conversion process for specific communication needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It relies on wireless communication to transmit information without physical conductors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A single-bit error involves only 1 bit changing, while a burst error involves 2 or more bits changing in the data unit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Redundancy is necessary to help identify and correct errors that may occur in the transmitted data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Block coding divides the message into blocks of k bits, adds redundant bits, making the total length n = k + r, forming n-bit code words.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In 4b/5b coding, 16 valid data words are used for message transfer out of a total of 32 code words.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The receiver discards the invalid codeword and does not extract any data word from it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A corrupted codeword can still be detected as valid if it matches the structure of an existing codeword but conveys erroneous data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Error-detecting codes can only detect certain types of errors; other types may remain undetected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The design of error detection codes is crucial because it dictates the types of errors that can be identified and corrected during transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Redundant bits encode additional information needed to detect and correct errors during data transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adding more redundant bits increases the likelihood of correctly identifying and correcting errors in transmitted codewords.</p> Signup and view all the answers