أسئلة المحاضرة التاسعة أناتومي (قبل التعديل)

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Questions and Answers

What is the function of the atria in the heart?

Receive blood (correct)

Create electrical impulses

Protect the heart from infections

Pump blood

Which layer of the heart wall is primarily responsible for pumping blood?

Myocardium (correct)

Epicardium

Pericardium

Endocardium

What is the main function of the coronary arteries?

Draining deoxygenated blood from the heart

Regulating heart rate

Supplying oxygenated blood to the heart muscle (correct)

Transporting hormones to the heart

What is the primary role of the parasympathetic nerve supply to the heart?

Decrease the heart rate Signup and view all the answers

Which surface of the heart is mainly formed by the left atrium?

Base Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of arterial anastemosis?

To provide collateral circulation if an artery becomes occluded Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following defines end arteries?

Arteries with no anastomosis with adjacent arteries Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes wavy 'tortious' arteries?

They have a wavy course supplying expansible or moving organs Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of arteriovenous shunts in the skin dermis?

They control temperature Signup and view all the answers

Which site is associated with blood sinusoids?

Bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of systemic circulation?

Facilitate the flow of blood between the heart and body Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following valves is NOT an AV valve?

Pulmonary valve Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the differences between arteries and veins?

Arteries have pulse due to higher blood pressure, while veins do not. Signup and view all the answers

What structure prevents blood from flowing back into the ventricles?

Aortic valve Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the portal circulation?

To connect the digestive tract and liver Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding veins?

They contain valves to prevent backflow. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic distinguishes arteries from veins?

Arteries transport blood under higher pressure than veins. Signup and view all the answers

Where does deoxygenated blood return to the heart?

From the body through the superior and inferior vena cava Signup and view all the answers

Which structure forms the apex of the heart?

Left ventricle Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the pericardium is responsible for forming the serous fluid-filled cavity?

Parietal pericardium Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the coronary sinus in the cardiovascular system?

Collects blood from coronary veins Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the heart is primarily formed by both ventricles?

Diaphragmatic surface Signup and view all the answers

What effect does sympathetic nerve supply have on the heart?

Increases heart rate Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of end arteries?

They do not communicate with adjacent arteries. Signup and view all the answers

What defines the function of wavy 'tortious' arteries?

They accommodate the movement of nearby organs. Signup and view all the answers

In what context do arteriovenous shunts function to control temperature?

By providing a bypass route in the dermis. Signup and view all the answers

What type of anatomical structure is best characterized by wide spaces lined with phagocytic cells?

Blood sinusoids Signup and view all the answers

Which function is NOT associated with the role of capillaries?

Formation of arteriovenous shunts. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the characteristics of veins?

Veins carry blood towards the heart and have valves. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the aortic valve?

To prevent blood from returning to the left ventricle. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes systemic circulation?

Blood flow from the left ventricle through the aorta to the body. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes pulmonary arteries from other arteries?

They carry deoxygenated blood. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the mitral valve in the heart?

To stop blood from returning to the left atrium during ventricular contraction. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about arteries is incorrect?

Arteries have a thinner wall compared to veins. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in the portal circulation system?

Blood from the digestive tract passes through the liver before reaching the heart. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of veins compared to arteries?

Veins possess valves to prevent backflow. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cardiovascular System: Heart

Cover: The heart is covered by the pericardium, composed of fibrous and serous layers.
Site: Located behind the sternum, with approximately one-third of the heart on the right side.
Wall: Composed of endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium.
Chambers: Two atria (receiving blood) and two ventricles (pumping blood).
Parts:
- Apex: Formed by the left ventricle.
- Base: Formed by the two atria.
- Sterno-costal surface: Formed by both ventricles.
- Diaphragmatic surface: Formed by both ventricles.

Cardiovascular System: Arterial Supply

Arterial supply: Coronary arteries originate from the ascending aorta.
Origin: Arteries originate from the ascending aorta.
Venous drainage: Coronary sinus, which terminates in the posterior wall of the right atrium.

Cardiovascular System: Nerve Supply

Nerve supply: Autonomic nerve supply.
Sympathetic: Increases heart rate.
Parasympathetic: Decreases heart rate.

Circulations

Pulmonary circulation: Blood flows between the heart and lungs.
- Right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
- Returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium.
Systemic circulation: Blood flows between the heart and body.
- Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body.
- Returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.
Valves of the heart:
- Atrioventricular (AV) valves: -Mitral valve (between left atrium and left ventricle) -Tricuspid valve (between right atrium and right ventricle).
- Semilunar valves: -Pulmonary valve -Aortic valve, preventing blood from flowing backward into the ventricles.
Portal circulation: Blood flow between the digestive tract and liver.
- Blood passes between two sets of capillaries as it flows from the digestive tract to the liver via the portal vein; from the liver to the inferior vena cava through hepatic veins.

Vessels: Arteries vs. Veins

Arteries: Carry blood away from the heart, except pulmonary artery which carries deoxygenated blood.
- Thick walls, narrow lumen.
- Higher blood pressure.
- Rich in elastic tissue and smooth muscle.
- Branches.
- No valves.
Veins: Carry blood toward the heart, except pulmonary veins which carry oxygenated blood.
- Thin walls, wide lumen.
- Lower blood pressure.
- Contain valves preventing backflow.
- Contain tributaries.

Arterial Anastomosis

Definition: Communication between terminal parts of adjacent arteries.
Function: Collateral circulation if an artery is blocked.
Example: Around joints of limbs, hand, and foot.
End arteries: Have no anastomoses.
Disadvantage: Occlusion can cause tissue death.
Examples: Retinal, renal, splenic, cerebral, coronary, pulmonary.
Wavy "tortious" arteries: Wavy course; supplying expansible or moving organs like the facial, lingual, splenic, and uterine arteries.

Communication between Arteries and Veins: Capillaries, Arteriovenous Shunts, and Blood Sinusoids

Capillaries: Simple endothelial network (connects arterioles and venules).
Arteriovenous shunts: Direct communication between arterioles and venules.
Site and function:
- Skin dermis: Regulate body temperature.
- Intestines: Aid in food absorption.
- Erectile organs: Assist in erectile function.
Blood sinusoids: Wide spaces; incompletely lined, phagocytic cells called Kupffer cells (e.g., liver, spleen, bone marrow).

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