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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of red blood cells?
What is the primary function of red blood cells?
What kind of tissue is blood?
What kind of tissue is blood?
Connective tissue
What is the primary component that makes blood fluid?
What is the primary component that makes blood fluid?
Plasma
The ______ is the primary organ responsible for producing red blood cells.
The ______ is the primary organ responsible for producing red blood cells.
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What does hemopoiesis refer to?
What does hemopoiesis refer to?
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What is the most abundant protein in plasma?
What is the most abundant protein in plasma?
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What is the primary function of globulins in plasma?
What is the primary function of globulins in plasma?
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Fibrinogen is a key protein involved in the formation of blood clots.
Fibrinogen is a key protein involved in the formation of blood clots.
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What is the proper name for the packed cell volume?
What is the proper name for the packed cell volume?
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Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells and is crucial for transporting oxygen.
Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells and is crucial for transporting oxygen.
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What is the shape of red blood cells?
What is the shape of red blood cells?
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Where are red blood cells produced?
Where are red blood cells produced?
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What is the name of the iron protein compound found in red blood cells?
What is the name of the iron protein compound found in red blood cells?
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What is the primary stimulus for erythropoiesis?
What is the primary stimulus for erythropoiesis?
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What is the name of the hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells?
What is the name of the hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells?
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What is the primary role of macrophages in the recycling of red blood cells?
What is the primary role of macrophages in the recycling of red blood cells?
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What are the two primary pigments involved in hemoglobin recycling?
What are the two primary pigments involved in hemoglobin recycling?
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What is the name of the protein that transports iron in the blood?
What is the name of the protein that transports iron in the blood?
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What is the name of the protein that stores excess iron in the liver?
What is the name of the protein that stores excess iron in the liver?
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Which of the following is a condition characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin?
Which of the following is a condition characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin?
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Jaundice is a yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes, often associated with a buildup of bilirubin in the blood.
Jaundice is a yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes, often associated with a buildup of bilirubin in the blood.
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Sickle cell disease is a genetic disorder that affects red blood cells, causing them to become sickle-shaped.
Sickle cell disease is a genetic disorder that affects red blood cells, causing them to become sickle-shaped.
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What is the name of the vitamin deficiency that can lead to a type of anemia called pernicious anemia?
What is the name of the vitamin deficiency that can lead to a type of anemia called pernicious anemia?
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Which of the following blood types are often referred to as the universal recipients?
Which of the following blood types are often referred to as the universal recipients?
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Which of the following blood types are often referred to as the universal donors?
Which of the following blood types are often referred to as the universal donors?
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What is the primary factor that determines a person's blood type?
What is the primary factor that determines a person's blood type?
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What is the name of the condition that can result when a person receives a blood transfusion with an incompatible blood type?
What is the name of the condition that can result when a person receives a blood transfusion with an incompatible blood type?
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Which of the following statements BEST describes the Rh factor?
Which of the following statements BEST describes the Rh factor?
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Individuals with Rh-negative blood do not have the Rh antigen on their red blood cells.
Individuals with Rh-negative blood do not have the Rh antigen on their red blood cells.
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What is the primary concern related to Rh incompatibility during pregnancy?
What is the primary concern related to Rh incompatibility during pregnancy?
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What is the name of the medication used to prevent HDN in Rh-negative mothers?
What is the name of the medication used to prevent HDN in Rh-negative mothers?
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Which of the following types of white blood cells are considered agranulocytes?
Which of the following types of white blood cells are considered agranulocytes?
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What is the primary function of lymphocytes in the immune system?
What is the primary function of lymphocytes in the immune system?
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What is the main role of monocytes in the immune system?
What is the main role of monocytes in the immune system?
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Platelets are cell fragments that play a crucial role in the blood clotting process.
Platelets are cell fragments that play a crucial role in the blood clotting process.
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What is the name of the process that produces platelets?
What is the name of the process that produces platelets?
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Which of the following is a condition characterized by an abnormally low platelet count?
Which of the following is a condition characterized by an abnormally low platelet count?
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What is the process called that stops bleeding?
What is the process called that stops bleeding?
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Which of the following is NOT a phase involved in hemostasis?
Which of the following is NOT a phase involved in hemostasis?
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Which of the following pathways is activated by tissue damage outside the blood vessel?
Which of the following pathways is activated by tissue damage outside the blood vessel?
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Which of the following pathways is activated by exposed collagen within the blood vessel?
Which of the following pathways is activated by exposed collagen within the blood vessel?
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The common pathway in coagulation converges at Factor X.
The common pathway in coagulation converges at Factor X.
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What is the final product of the coagulation cascade?
What is the final product of the coagulation cascade?
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Which of the following is a natural anticoagulant produced by the liver?
Which of the following is a natural anticoagulant produced by the liver?
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Warfarin is a medication that acts as an anticoagulant, helping to prevent blood clots.
Warfarin is a medication that acts as an anticoagulant, helping to prevent blood clots.
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Which of the following is a bleeding disorder often associated with males?
Which of the following is a bleeding disorder often associated with males?
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What is the name of the condition that occurs when a blood clot develops in a vein, often in the legs?
What is the name of the condition that occurs when a blood clot develops in a vein, often in the legs?
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An embolism is a blood clot that breaks loose and travels through the bloodstream.
An embolism is a blood clot that breaks loose and travels through the bloodstream.
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Study Notes
Cardiovascular System (Blood)
- Blood is a connective tissue
- Blood is a fluid
- Blood is composed of plasma and formed elements
- Formed elements include platelets, white blood cells, red blood cells
Latin Prefixes and Suffixes
- hemo/a: blood
- anti: against
- erythros: red
- leukos: white
- -penia: poverty, not enough
- -osis: too many
- thrombos: clot
- stasis: halt
Blood Function
- Supplies cells/tissues with nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and enzymes
- Removes waste products
- Contains special cells (WBCs & antibodies) to protect against disease and infection
- Regulates pH and ion composition of cellular fluids
- Regulates clotting and body temperature
Blood Composition
-
Plasma (55%): the fluid portion; mostly water
- Proteins (albumin, globulins, fibrinogen)
- Nutrients, electrolytes, and nitrogenous wastes (e.g., urea)
- Hormones, gases
-
Formed elements (~45%):
- Platelets: clotting
- White blood cells (leukocytes): immunity
- Red blood cells (erythrocytes): transport oxygen
Hemopoiesis
- Hemopoiesis is the process of blood cell production
- Adults produce approximately 400 billion platelets, 200 billion RBCs, and 10 billion WBCs daily
- Hemopoietic tissues (e.g., liver, red bone marrow, spleen) are involved in blood cell production.
Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
- Most numerous blood cell type
- Biconcave disc shape increases surface area for rapid oxygen diffusion
- No nucleus when mature
- Produced in red bone marrow of long bones
- Contains hemoglobin, which combines with oxygen
- Destroyed in the liver and spleen
- High surface-to-volume ratio allows for quick absorption and release of oxygen
- Form stacks (rouleaux) to smooth blood flow through narrow vessels
- Bend and flex to pass through capillaries
Hemoglobin (Hb)
- Hemoglobin is a protein in RBCs
- Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
- Composed of heme and globin
- Oxyhemoglobin: bright red, iron bound to oxygen
- Deoxyhemoglobin: dark red/burgundy, iron not bound to oxygen
Blood Types
- Type AB: universal recipients
- Type O: universal donors
- Presence of A or B antigens, and corresponding antibodies in blood plasma
- Rh factor (D antigen) is also important, influencing blood transfusions and pregnancies
Blood Disorders
-
Anemia: low RBC count or hemoglobin deficiency
- Causes: inadequate erythropoiesis, hemorrhage, or hemolysis
- Effects: tissue hypoxia, low blood viscosity
-
Jaundice: yellowish skin/eyes due to bilirubin buildup
-
Sickle-cell disease: inherited genetic disorder causing abnormal hemoglobin
-
Pernicious anemia: low RBC production due to vitamin B12 deficiency
-
Thalassemia: inherited disorder influencing hemoglobin, leading to misshapen RBCs
-
Leukopenia: low WBC count
-
Leukocytosis: high WBC count
-
Leukemia: cancer of the hemopoietic or blood-forming tissues
Platelets (Thrombocytes)
- Cell fragments involved in blood clotting
- Continuously removed and replaced every 9–12 days
- Produced in bone marrow
- Role in forming platelet plugs, releasing clotting chemicals, activating contraction after clot formation
Hemostasis
- Sequence of steps to stop bleeding ("clotting")
- Three phases: vascular, platelet, and coagulation
- Coagulation involves activation of intrinsic and extrinsic pathways leading to common pathway resulting in fibrin production, clot formation.
Hemolysis and Thrombosis
- Hemolysis: rupture of red blood cells.
- Thrombosis: abnormal clotting within an unbroken blood vessel.
- Embolus: a freely moving blood clot.
- Infarction: blockage by a clot.
Maternal-Fetal Rh Incompatibility
- Rh incompatibility occurs when an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus.
- First pregnancy usually involves no problems; however, subsequent pregnancies may result in Rh disease of the newborn.
Anticoagulants & Fibrinolysis
- Anticoagulants prevent blood clotting
- Fibrinolysis breaks down blood clots
Hemophilia
- Inherited bleeding disorder with insufficient clotting factors
- Mostly affects males; can involve Factor VIII or IX deficiency
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Description
Explore the essential components and functions of blood in the human body. This quiz covers blood composition, the role of various blood cells, and important Latin prefixes and suffixes related to hematology. Test your knowledge on how blood contributes to overall health and disease protection.
