Cardiovascular Physiology: Preload Factors

Filling time, which is determined by the ______ rate, affects the preload immensely.

Increased ______ will result in an increased atrial contractility, which will then cause an increase in ventricular filling.

Ventricular ______ is the ventricle's capacity to generate force.

Increased ______ refers to the increased force at any given end diastolic volume.

Without changing the end diastolic volume, we can increase the force at contractions through ______ innervation and circulating epinephrine.

Increasing the amount of blood in the ventricle would stretch it out, putting the sarcomeres of their ______ length, and allowing them to contract with a greater force.

An increase in end-diastolic volume will cause an increase in ______ volume.

Stroke volume increases when end-diastolic volume increases because the cardiac muscle fibers contract more ______.

Increased sympathetic activity increases ______ volume, shifting the entire Starling curve up.

Decreased sympathetic activity decreases ______ volume, shifting the entire Starling curve down.

When the end-diastolic volume is greater, the myocardium ______ out.

End diastolic volume is primarily determined by the end diastolic ______ (or preload).

Epinephrine and norepinephrine bind to beta-1 adrenergic receptors in the heart, increasing ______ and the rate of crossbridge cycling.

Enhanced presence of Ca2+ results in increased ______ at end-diastolic volume.

Afterload is the pressure that the ventricles have to work against to expel blood from the heart. It is impacted by the pressure of the ______.

As mean arterial pressure (MAP) increases, afterload also ______.

Hypertension makes the heart pump harder to get the same volume of blood to the rest of the body, thus increasing the ______ on the heart.

To demonstrate the idea of afterload, think about someone pushing a boulder up a steep hill. In this analogy, the person is like the ventricles pushing blood through the blood vessels, and gravity is the ______.