Questions and Answers
What is the organism associated with impetigo?
What is the most common cause of delayed puberty in children?
Which electrolyte does insulin transport into the cell?
What is painful menstruation commonly called?
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What is the pathogenesis of Graves disease?
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What is onychomycosis?
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What hormone increases with physiologic stress?
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Which female hormones are released from the anterior pituitary?
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What does preload primarily affect in the heart?
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Which of the following immunoglobulins is the most abundant in the bloodstream?
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What is the primary purpose of the inflammatory process?
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Which hormone is responsible for regulating water balance in the body?
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What is the key feature of Starling's Law of the heart?
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What is a common sign or symptom of multiple sclerosis?
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What distinguishes a varicocele from a hydrocele?
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Which of the following is a risk factor for breast cancer?
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Study Notes
Preload
- Affects end diastolic volume (EDV) in the left ventricle, determining how much the ventricles fill before contraction (LVEDV).
- At the cellular level, preload correlates with the length of cardiac fibers at LVEDV.
Modifiable Risk Factors for Hypertension
- Lifestyle factors such as obesity, physical inactivity, high sodium intake, and excessive alcohol consumption.
Cells Involved in Inflammation
- Key cells include neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes.
- Purpose: To contain and eliminate pathogens, facilitate tissue repair.
Causes of Edema in Inflammation
- Increased vascular permeability leading to excess fluid leakage into tissues.
Active vs. Passive Immunity
- Active immunity is developed through exposure to pathogens or vaccination.
- Passive immunity is acquired from another source, such as maternal antibodies.
Most Abundant Immunoglobulin
- Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the most prevalent in serum, providing long-term immunity.
Carcinoma Definition
- A type of cancer that arises from epithelial cells, affecting various organs.
Pathology of Alzheimer’s Disease
- Characterized by amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and loss of neurons, leading to cognitive decline.
Signs and Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis
- Fatigue, visual disturbances, weakness, coordination issues, and sensory changes.
Pathophysiology of Multiple Sclerosis
- Autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the myelin sheath of nerve fibers.
Identifying Myasthenia Gravis
- Characterized by muscle weakness that worsens with activity and improves with rest.
Signs and Symptoms of Meningitis
- Fever, headache, stiff neck, and altered mental status.
Identifying Parkinson’s Disease
- Symptoms include tremors, bradykinesia, posture instability, and rigidity.
Anorexia Nervosa vs. Bulimia
- Anorexia involves severe weight loss from restrictive eating; bulimia involves binge eating followed by purging.
Evaluating Seizures
- Conduct EEG, MRI, and assess medical history to identify seizure type and cause.
Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)
- Synthesized in the hypothalamus, acts primarily on the kidneys to promote water reabsorption.
Evaluation of a Lump on the Trachea
- Order imaging studies like ultrasound or CT scan to determine the nature of the lump.
Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
- Insulin resistance in peripheral tissues, often due to obesity and sedentary lifestyle.
Goal Hemoglobin A1C for Diabetic Patients
- Target level is usually below 7% for good glycemic control.
Risk Factors for Breast Cancer
- Age, family history, genetic mutations (like BRCA1/2), and hormonal factors.
CD4 Count for Diagnosis of AIDS
- CD4 count below 200 cells/mm³ indicates progression to AIDS.
Hormones Involved in Menopause
- Estrogen and progesterone levels significantly decrease, resulting in symptoms like hot flashes.
Treatment for Testicular Torsion
- Immediate surgical intervention is required to restore blood flow.
Signs of Puberty for Males and Females
- Males: Testicular enlargement.
- Females: Development of breast tissue.
Varicocele, Spermatocele, Hydrocele
- Varicocele: Enlarged veins in the scrotum.
- Spermatocele: Fluid-filled cyst in the epididymis.
- Hydrocele: Fluid accumulation surrounding the testicle.
Action Potential from Resting State
- Caused by depolarization when sodium channels open, allowing sodium to influx.
Storage of RNA and DNA
- DNA is stored in the cell nucleus; RNA is synthesized in the nucleus and can be found in cytoplasm.
Starling's Law
- Increased end diastolic volume results in increased stroke volume due to enhanced ventricular stretch.
Renin-Angiotensin System
- A key regulatory system for blood pressure and fluid balance involving renin, angiotensin I and II.
Action of Renin
- Converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which is further converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor.
Pathogen for Pneumonia
- Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common bacterial cause.
COPD Identification and Diagnosis
- Characterized by airflow limitation; diagnosed through spirometry indicating reduced FEV1/FVC ratio.
Risks of Chronic GERD
- Can lead to esophagitis, Barrett's esophagus, and increased risk of esophageal cancer.
Education Recommendations for Osteoarthritis and Gout
- Emphasize weight management, exercise, and dietary modifications to reduce inflammation.
Chickenpox (Varicella) and Herpes Zoster Relation
- Both caused by the varicella-zoster virus; chickenpox is primary disease, shingles is reactivation.
Onychomycosis
- Fungal infection of the nails, leading to discoloration and thickening.
Furuncle
- Also known as a boil, it's a painful pus-filled bump caused by infection of hair follicles.
Atopic Dermatitis and Scabies
- Atopic dermatitis is chronic skin inflammation; scabies is a contagious skin infestation caused by mites.
Causes of Thrush
- Caused by an overgrowth of Candida yeast, typically following antibiotic use or immune suppression.
Identifying Impetigo
- Characterized by honey-colored crusted lesions, usually around the mouth and nose.
Organism Associated with Impetigo
- Commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes.
KOH Prep for Tinea
- Will show hyphae and spores indicative of fungal infections.
Impaired Cellular Metabolism Consequences
- Leads to decreased ATP production, cellular injury, and necrosis.
Bilirubin Production
- Formed from the breakdown of hemoglobin in red blood cells.
Salivary Alpha-Amylase
- Enzyme that begins starch digestion in the mouth.
Physiologic Jaundice in Newborns
- Due to immature liver functions leading to an inability to process bilirubin adequately.
Vomiting Center Location in the Brain
- Located in the medulla oblongata.
Vaginal Changes Associated with Puberty
- Increased estrogen leads to vaginal discharge and maturation of vaginal epithelium.
Clinical Cause of Amenorrhea
- Can be caused by pregnancy, stress, hormonal imbalances, or significant weight changes.
Cryptorchidism
- Testicular maldescent where one or both testicles fail to descend into the scrotum.
Organism for Syphilis
- Caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum.
Trichomoniasis Presentation
- In females: frothy vaginal discharge, itching; in males: often asymptomatic but can cause urethritis.
DNA Transcription
- The process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template.
Autosomal Recessive Disorder Inheritance
- Inherited when both alleles from parents are mutated, typically affecting males and females equally.
Genotype vs. Phenotype Definition
- Genotype: genetic makeup; Phenotype: observable traits influenced by genotype and environment.
Negative Feedback in Hormonal Balance
- A regulatory mechanism where an increase in a hormone inhibits its further production.
Insulin and Electrolyte Transport
- Insulin facilitates the uptake of glucose and potassium into cells.
Hormone Increased with Physiological Stress
- Cortisol levels rise during stress responses.
Epinephrine Secretion Location
- Secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress.
Pathogenesis of Graves Disease
- Autoimmune hyperthyroidism characterized by TSH receptor antibodies stimulating excessive thyroid hormone production.
Clinical Manifestations of Hypothyroid
- Symptoms include fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, and depression.
Define Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
- Measure of kidney function assessing how well blood is filtered through the kidneys.
CSF Production Location
- Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the choroid plexus of the ventricles.
Action of Norepinephrine
- Acts as a neurotransmitter and hormone, stimulating the "fight or flight" response.
Lab for Myocardial Damage
- Troponin levels are commonly used to diagnose myocardial infarction.
Cause of Heart Failure
- Can be due to systemic hypertension, myocardial infarction, or cardiac dilation.
Treatment for Cystic Fibrosis
- Includes chest physiotherapy, pancreatic enzyme replacement, and respiratory therapies.
Risk Factors for Lung Cancer
- Include smoking, exposure to secondhand smoke, environmental pollutants, and family history.
Pathogenesis of Leukemia
- Characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of malignant cells in the bone marrow, leading to blood monitores.
Tumor Cell Markers
- Biological markers synthesized by cancer cells that can be detected in blood, aiding in diagnosis and monitoring.
Apoptosis Definition
- Programmed cell death essential for removing unneeded or damaged cells.
Bacterium Associated with Prolonged Antibiotic Therapy
- Clostridium difficile can proliferate, leading to antibiotic-associated colitis.
B Cell Maturation Location
- B cells mature in the bone marrow before entering circulation.
Overcorrection of Hyponatremia Consequence
- Can lead to osmotic demyelination syndrome, causing neurological damage.
Calcium and Phosphate Balance Regulation
- Regulated via parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and dietary intake.
Obesity as a Modifiable Risk Factor
- Consider
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts related to preload, the role of end diastolic volume, and factors influencing hypertension. It also explores the cells involved in inflammation, the purpose of the inflammatory process, and the differences between active and passive immunity.
