25 Questions
What are the four factors regulating the circulation of fluid between capillaries and interstitial tissue?
Osmotic pressure, hydrostatic pressure, capillary permeability, lymphatic drainage
What factors predispose to thrombus formation in leg veins?
Stasis of blood flow, vessel wall injury, hypercoagulability
What are the major complications of venous thrombi?
Pulmonary embolism, post-thrombotic syndrome, venous ulcers
What factors lead to shock?
Severe blood loss, severe infection, severe allergic reaction, severe heart failure
What are the current concepts regarding risk factors for coronary heart disease?
Hypertension, high cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, obesity
Which of the following is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease?
Elevated levels of homocysteine
What is the major cause of aneurysms?
Arteriosclerosis
Which test is involved in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease?
Echocardiogram
What is the primary cause of isolated systolic hypertension?
Unknown
Which type of hypertension accounts for 95% of cases?
Primary or essential hypertension
What are arterioles primarily composed of for controlling blood flow to capillaries?
Smooth muscle cells
What is the primary function of capillaries in the vascular system?
Delivering nutrients and oxygen to cells
What are the main factors regulating fluid flow in the circulatory system?
Capillary hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure
What can arterial thrombi lead to as a consequence of atherosclerosis?
Embolism and ischemia
What is a common presentation of venous thrombosis and its associated risk?
Leg swelling/pain and risk of pulmonary embolism
What is the most important test for diagnosing pulmonary embolism?
Computerized tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA)
Which circulatory disturbance can occur following severe bone fractures and lead to obstruction of pulmonary capillaries and small vessels in the brain and other organs?
Fat embolism
What can cause edema due to the disturbance of extracellular fluid circulation between capillaries and interstitial tissues?
Allergic reaction
What can lead to circulatory failure and occur accidentally through injection or due to a chest wound?
Air embolism
What can cause temporary reduction in output from the left ventricle and rapid engorgement of the lungs with blood, leading to impaired oxygenation and shortness of breath?
Acute pulmonary edema
What is the primary cause of arterial thrombosis according to the text?
Vessel wall injury from arteriosclerosis
Which condition can occur in patients with cancer due to increased platelets and coagulation factors?
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
What is the characteristic of atherosclerosis mentioned in the text?
Narrowing of arteries due to lipid deposits
What can lead to the permanent narrowing of vessels in advanced atherosclerosis?
Atheromatous deposits
What role do genetic factors play in atherosclerosis according to the text?
40-60% impact, making it a non-modifiable risk factor
Study Notes
Cardiovascular Disorders and Thrombosis
- Circulatory disturbances can lead to hypovolemic shock, cardiogenic shock, septic shock, and anaphylactic shock due to various pathogenic factors.
- Shock occurs when blood flow or pressure is too low to supply the body adequately, potentially becoming life-threatening.
- Arterial thrombosis is primarily caused by vessel wall injury from arteriosclerosis, leading to infarcts in various arteries, such as coronary, leg, and cerebral arteries.
- Intracardiac thrombosis may dislodge into systemic circulation, causing infarction in major organs like the spleen, kidneys, brain, and lungs.
- Thrombosis can occur within the atria, on damaged heart valves, and on the wall of the left ventricle, often due to increased coagulability from factors like polycythemia, contraceptive pills, and hereditary gene mutations.
- Patients with cancer are predisposed to arterial and venous thromboses due to the rapid release of thromboplastic materials into circulation from tumors, causing hypercoagulability.
- Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) can occur in patients with cancer due to increased platelets and coagulation factors.
- Arteriosclerosis is a chronic and progressive degenerative disease of large to mid-sized arteries, leading to the accumulation of inflammatory and immune cells, cholesterol, and lipids, resulting in atheroma formation.
- Atherosclerosis is characterized by the narrowing of arteries due to lipid deposits from the bloodstream, leading to the formation of atheromatous plaques surrounded by fibrous tissue.
- Atheromatous deposits in advanced atherosclerosis can lead to permanent narrowing of vessels and are associated with risk factors such as elevated blood lipids, high blood pressure, smoking, and diabetes.
- Stable plaques and ulcerated plaques covered by thrombus material are examples of atheromatous deposits that contribute to the narrowing of arteries and potential complications.
- Genetic factors play a significant role in atherosclerosis, with an impact of 40-60%, making it a non-modifiable risk factor.
Test your knowledge of cardiovascular disorders and thrombosis with this quiz. Explore the causes and consequences of conditions such as shock, arterial and intracardiac thrombosis, arteriosclerosis, and atherosclerosis. Learn about risk factors, complications, and genetic influences on these cardiovascular issues.
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