23 Questions
Which factor regulates the circulation of fluid between capillaries and interstitial tissue?
Lymphatic system
What is the major complication of venous thrombi?
Pulmonary embolism
What are the causes of arterial thrombosis?
Atherosclerosis
What is the natural history of atherosclerosis?
Gradual progression with severe complications
What is the main factor leading to shock?
Decreased blood pressure
What factors can interfere with circulation?
Varices, aneurysm, and phlebitis
What can lead to poor nutrition of the tissues served by the veins?
Varicose veins resulting from incompetent valves
What are predisposing factors to clot formation in leg veins?
Prolonged bed rest, cramped positions, and varicose veins
What can venous thrombosis commonly present with?
Leg swelling/pain and risk of detachment causing pulmonary embolism
What can large pulmonary emboli lead to?
High risk of immediate fatality and inadequate oxygenation of blood
What is the most important test for diagnosing pulmonary embolism?
Computerized tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA)
Which condition can lead to the obstruction of pulmonary capillaries following severe bone fractures?
Fat embolism
What can cause edema?
Low plasma proteins
What can acute pulmonary edema result from?
Temporary reduction in output from the left ventricle
How can air embolism occur?
Accidental injection or lung injury due to a chest wound
Which lipid is derived from ingested fat, sugar, and carbohydrates?
Triglycerides
What is the sulfur-containing amino acid associated with severe atherosclerosis and increased cardiovascular disease risk?
Homocysteine
Which lipoprotein is associated with transporting high levels of blood lipids linked to premature atherosclerosis?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
What type of hypertension can result from known diseases such as autoimmunity, chronic kidney disease, or hyperthyroidism?
Secondary hypertension
1
Dissecting aneurysm of the aorta
What is the main cause of arterial thrombosis?
Injury to the vessel wall from arteriosclerosis
What factor does not contribute to arterial thrombosis?
Stasis due to slow blood flow
What predisposes patients with cancer to arterial and venous thromboses?
Hypercoagulability from the rapid release of thromboplastic materials into circulation from the tumor
Study Notes
Manifestations and Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular Disorders
- Circulatory disturbances can lead to shock, categorized as hypovolemic, cardiogenic, septic, or anaphylactic shock.
- Shock occurs when blood flow or pressure is too low to adequately supply the body with blood, potentially life-threatening.
- Prognosis of shock depends on early recognition and rapid, appropriate treatment.
- Arterial thrombosis is mainly caused by injury to the vessel wall from arteriosclerosis, leading to infarct in different arteries such as the coronary, major leg, and cerebral arteries.
- Stasis is not a factor in arterial thrombosis due to rapid blood flow and high intravascular pressure.
- Intracardiac thrombosis may dislodge into systemic circulation and cause infarction in major organs.
- Thrombosis can be caused by increased coagulability due to factors such as polycythemia, estrogen in contraceptive pills, hereditary gene mutations, and rise in coagulation factors following surgery or injury.
- Patients with cancer are predisposed to both arterial and venous thromboses due to hypercoagulability from the rapid release of thromboplastic materials into circulation from the tumor.
- Arteriosclerosis is a chronic and progressive degenerative disease of large to mid-sized arteries, leading to atheroma formation and eventual stenosis with turbulent flow.
- Atheromatous deposits in arteries lead to narrowing and eventual stenosis with turbulent flow, causing damage and potential clot formation.
- Risk factors for atherosclerosis include elevated blood lipids, high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, and genetic predisposition.
- Genetic predisposition has the largest impact on atherosclerosis, accounting for 40-60% of the risk.
Explore the manifestations and pathogenesis of cardiovascular disorders, including circulatory disturbances, shock, arterial thrombosis, intracardiac thrombosis, and atheromatous deposits in arteries. Understand the risk factors and prognosis associated with these conditions.
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