Cardiology Overview on Nifedipine
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Questions and Answers

Which calcium channel blocker primarily has cardiac effects?

  • Verapamil (correct)
  • Nifedipine
  • Amlodipine
  • Cinnarizine

    • Which calcium channel blocker exhibits the most significant peripheral vasodilation?

  • Nicardipine
  • Flunarizine
  • Diltiazem
  • Nifedipine (correct)

    • What is the primary pharmacological effect of Diltiazem on heart rate?

  • Decrease heart rate moderately (correct)
  • Cause reflex tachycardia
  • Have a neutral effect on heart rate
  • Increase heart rate significantly

    • Which of the following calcium channel blockers has a significant coronary vasodilation effect?

    <p>Verapamil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do dihydropyridines primarily affect blood pressure?

    <p>Cause a significant decrease in blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which calcium channel blocker can relax smooth muscles in the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Flunarizine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does Nifedipine have on the A-V conduction of the heart?

    <p>Increase A-V conduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is classified as a calcium channel blocker with effects on other tissues such as vascular and bronchial muscles?

    <p>Cinnarizine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary therapeutic effect of cardio-selective calcium channel blockers (CCBs)?

    <p>Reduction of myocardial oxygen demand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the effect of cardio-selective CCBs on coronary blood flow?

    <p>They produce coronary vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What risk is associated with using vasculoselective CCBs in the treatment of ischemic heart disease?

    <p>Increased peripheral vasodilation leading to hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which arrhythmia is classified under supraventricular tachycardias (SVT)?

    <p>Atrial flutter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of calcium-mediated myocyte cell necrosis in terms of heart health?

    <p>Increased risk of ischemic heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does verapamil have on insulin release from pancreatic beta cells?

    <p>It significantly inhibits insulin release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic effect do dihydropyridines, such as nifedipine, have on peripheral circulation?

    <p>They induce considerable peripheral vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major concern when using calcium channel blockers in terms of heart function?

    <p>Bradycardia and hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does Verapamil have on AV conduction?

    <p>Decreases AV conduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is Nifedipine contraindicated in certain conditions?

    <p>It causes hypotension and reflex tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM), what happens to the left ventricular wall?

    <p>It becomes thickened leading to a narrowed aortic outlet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does increasing contractility affect the obstruction in HOCM?

    <p>It worsens the obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential benefit of decreasing contractility in patients with HOCM?

    <p>Improves exercise tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of medications shares a similar effect to Verapamil regarding AV conduction?

    <p>β-blockers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of the thickening of the left ventricular wall in HOCM?

    <p>Narrowing of the aortic outlet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential risks of reflex tachycardia induced by medications like Nifedipine?

    <p>Increased myocardial oxygen demand and risk of ischemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is Nifedipine contraindicated for due to the risk of reflex tachycardia?

    <p>Outflow obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary effect of Nifedipine in treating arterial hypertension?

    <p>Reduces peripheral vascular resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which condition might Nifedipine be used to relax the uterus?

    <p>Preterm labor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential adverse effect is associated with Verapamil and Diltiazem?

    <p>Bradycardia and heart block</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which calcium channel blocker is associated with the prevention of cerebral vasospasm?

    <p>Nimodipine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition may worsen due to the negative inotropic effects of Verapamil and Diltiazem?

    <p>Congestive heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which effect does Nifedipine NOT cause when treating hypertension?

    <p>Increased calcium influx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which side effect is specifically noted for Diltiazem and Verapamil due to their effect on gastrointestinal motility?

    <p>Constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of Nife dipine?

    <p>Gingival hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is contraindicated when using verapamil and diltiazem?

    <p>Congestive heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs can paradoxically increase conduction in WPW syndrome?

    <p>Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is associated with salt and water retention due to Nife dipine?

    <p>Ankle edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique characteristic of Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome?

    <p>Presence of accessory conducting pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a treatment option for managing WPW syndrome?

    <p>Laser ablation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does Nife dipine typically cause that is more common than with verapamil?

    <p>Reflex tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding WPW syndrome?

    <p>It may lead to exacerbated tachycardia with some medications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dihydropyridines primarily have cardiac effects.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Verapamil has a negative inotropic effect on the heart.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All calcium channel blockers relax smooth muscle in the gastrointestinal tract.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nifedipine increases heart rate through reflex mechanisms.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diltiazem causes a significant decrease in heart rate.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcium channel blockers primarily affect the central nervous system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cinnarizine is classified as a calcium channel blocker with a significant vascular effect.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary effect of calcium channel blockers is to increase peripheral vascular resistance.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cardio-selective CCBs increase myocardial contractility and oxygen demand in ischemic heart disease.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dihydropyridines, like Nifedipine, can cause significant peripheral vasodilation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcium-mediated myocyte cell necrosis is a result of decreased calcium levels in the cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Verapamil has a significant clinical impact on insulin release from pancreatic beta cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) includes conditions like atrial flutter and fibrillation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Coronary vasodilation induced by cardio-selective CCBs increases coronary blood flow.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The use of vasculosselective CCBs in treating ischemic heart disease generally causes minimal peripheral vasodilation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcium channel blockers can effectively treat all forms of arrhythmias.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nifedipine is indicated for patients with peripheral vascular disease.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nifedipine's primary mechanism involves increasing intracellular calcium influx to enhance myocardial contractility.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nimodipine is effective for preventing cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bradycardia is a common side effect associated with the use of Nifedipine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcium channel blockers like Diltiazem have a negative inotropic effect, worsening congestive heart failure.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cerebral vasospasm is a complication that may result from use of Nifedipine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nifedipine can be used to relax the uterus and manage preterm labor.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Peripheral vasodilation caused by calcium channel blockers results from increased calcium influx into vascular smooth muscle cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Verapamil can improve exercise tolerance in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy by increasing contractility.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nifedipine is recommended for patients who might experience reflex tachycardia.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, the left ventricular wall and interventricular septum are notably thickened.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Both Verapamil and beta-blockers decrease AV conduction.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Decreasing contractility in HOCM leads to increased resistance to blood flow through the aortic outlet.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypotension can be a side effect of Verapamil due to its effect on blood vessels.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increasing contractility in patients with HOCM is advisable as it enhances blood flow.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nifedipine causes reflex tachycardia as a direct effect on peripheral vasodilation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nifedipine is more likely to cause ankle edema than verapamil.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Verapamil and diltiazem are contraindicated in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reflex tachycardia is a common side effect of Nifedipine due to hypotension.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Both amiodarone and adenosine can decrease AV conduction in the heart.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Salt and water retention is a noted side effect of Nifedipine.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amiodarone is not a treatment option for managing Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bradycardia can occur with the use of verapamil and diltiazem.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Verapamil primarily causes peripheral vasodilation, similar to Nifedipine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which calcium channel blockers (CCBs) exert their pharmacological effects?

    <p>CCBs block voltage-gated calcium channels, leading to reduced calcium influx in cardiac and smooth muscle cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does diltiazem differ from nifedipine in terms of cardiac effects?

    <p>Diltiazem has a negative inotropic effect while nifedipine primarily causes an increase in heart rate due to reflex mechanisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do calcium channel blockers primarily have on peripheral blood vessels?

    <p>CCBs induce peripheral vasodilation, leading to decreased blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which patient condition might the use of vasculoselective CCBs be particularly concerning?

    <p>Vasculoselective CCBs may pose risks in patients with ischemic heart disease due to potential reflex tachycardia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common side effect is associated with dihydropyridine CCBs like nifedipine?

    <p>Dihydropyridines commonly cause peripheral edema as a side effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do calcium channel blockers affect smooth muscle in non-vascular tissues?

    <p>CCBs relax smooth muscle in various tissues, including bronchial and gastrointestinal muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do CCBs play in the management of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM)?

    <p>CCBs decrease contractility and help relieve outflow obstruction in HOCM.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which calcium channel blocker is notable for its use in relieving cerebral vasospasm?

    <p>Nimodipine is primarily used for preventing cerebral vasospasm, particularly after subarachnoid hemorrhage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of calcium in myocyte cell necrosis?

    <p>Calcium mediates myocyte cell necrosis by promoting cell damage and death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cardio-selective CCBs affect myocardial oxygen demand?

    <p>Cardio-selective CCBs decrease myocardial oxygen demand by reducing myocardial contractility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should the dose of dihydropyridines be adjusted in ischemic heart disease?

    <p>The dose should be adjusted to avoid significant peripheral vasodilation, which can cause hypotension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential cardiac benefits of verapamil in treating certain arrhythmias?

    <p>Verapamil can help control supraventricular tachycardias by decreasing heart rate and AV conduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adverse effect can calcium channel blockers induce due to their vasodilatory properties?

    <p>Calcium channel blockers can cause reflex tachycardia as a compensatory mechanism to hypotension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain how coronary vasodilation impacts myocardial health.

    <p>Coronary vasodilation increases blood flow to the myocardium, improving oxygen delivery and reducing ischemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do calcium channel blockers like diltiazem and verapamil affect heart conduction?

    <p>Diltiazem and verapamil both decrease conduction velocity in the AV node, potentially slowing heart rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Verapamil help protect the ventricles from rapid atrial rates?

    <p>Verapamil decreases AV conduction, thereby protecting the ventricles from rapid atrial rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of calcium-mediated cell death in cardiac pathophysiology?

    <p>Calcium-mediated cell death contributes to the progression of heart failure and myocardial infarction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is Nifedipine contraindicated in certain patients?

    <p>Nifedipine is contraindicated because it can cause hypotension and reflex tachycardia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does decreased contractility have on patients with Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy (HOCM)?

    <p>Decreased contractility reduces resistance to blood flow through the aortic outlet, improving exercise tolerance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In patients with HOCM, what consequence does increased contractility have?

    <p>Increased contractility worsens the obstruction in the left ventricle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify a therapeutic effect of Verapamil and Beta-blockers in relation to heart rhythm.

    <p>Both Verapamil and Beta-blockers help to decrease AV conduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural change occurs in the left ventricle during HOCM?

    <p>The wall of the left ventricle and the interventricular septum becomes thickened.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of hypotension caused by Nifedipine during treatment?

    <p>Hypotension from Nifedipine can lead to reflex tachycardia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the thickening of heart muscle in HOCM affect blood flow?

    <p>It narrows the aortic outlet, leading to obstruction of blood flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which Nifedipine may induce reflex tachycardia?

    <p>Nifedipine causes peripheral vasodilation, leading to decreased blood pressure, which triggers reflex tachycardia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Nifedipine impact myocardial contractility and cardiac output in hypertensive patients?

    <p>Nifedipine decreases myocardial contractility and cardiac output due to its vasodilatory effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is Nifedipine used to treat by improving peripheral microcirculation?

    <p>Nifedipine is used to treat peripheral vascular disease, such as Raynaud's disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adverse effects are commonly associated with the use of Verapamil and Diltiazem?

    <p>Common adverse effects include bradycardia, heart block, and constipation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which clinical scenario is Nimodipine most beneficial, and how does it work?

    <p>Nimodipine is beneficial for preventing cerebral vasospasm post-subarachnoid hemorrhage by selectively dilating cerebral blood vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant contraindication for using Nifedipine in patients?

    <p>Nifedipine is contraindicated in cases of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy due to the risk of worsening obstruction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the negative inotropic effects of Verapamil and Diltiazem impact patients with congestive heart failure?

    <p>These effects can worsen the symptoms of congestive heart failure by reducing the heart's contractile strength.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique therapeutic role does Nifedipine have in obstetrics?

    <p>Nifedipine may be used to delay preterm labor by relaxing the uterine muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk associated with the use of Nifedipine in patients with hypotension?

    <p>Reflex tachycardia is a significant risk in hypotensive patients using Nifedipine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, why should CCBs like Verapamil be used cautiously?

    <p>CCBs may paradoxically increase conduction in the abnormal pathway, worsening tachycardia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of Diltiazem and Verapamil related to the gastrointestinal system?

    <p>These drugs can cause gastrointestinal motility issues, leading to constipation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique symptom may arise due to salt and water retention from Nifedipine use?

    <p>Ankle edema is a common symptom resulting from salt and water retention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism behind reflex tachycardia seen with Nifedipine use?

    <p>Reflex tachycardia occurs due to compensatory responses when vasodilation leads to hypotension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the accessory conduction pathway in WPW syndrome?

    <p>It allows for a unique type of atrioventricular re-entry tachycardia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to manage WPW syndrome with amiodarone?

    <p>Amiodarone can help prevent tachycardia by stabilizing electrical activity in the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one common side effect that differentiates Nifedipine from Verapamil?

    <p>Gingival hyperplasia is more commonly associated with Nifedipine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) block voltage-gated ______ channels.

    <p>calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    CCBs with mainly cardiac effects include verapamil and ______.

    <p>diltiazem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nifedipine is an example of a CCB that has a mainly ______ effect.

    <p>vascular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dihydropyridines primarily cause significant peripheral ______.

    <p>vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    CCBs relax all smooth muscles such as vascular, bronchial, and ______.

    <p>gastrointestinal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The effect of Nifedipine on heart rate is an increase due to a ______ mechanism.

    <p>reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flunarizine and cinnarizine are examples of CCBs with effects on ______ tissue.

    <p>other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A negative inotropic effect on the heart is associated with ______.

    <p>diltiazem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cardio-selective CCBs such as _______ and Diltiazem decrease myocardial contractility and oxygen demand.

    <p>verapamil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vasculoselective CCBs can cause considerable peripheral _______.

    <p>vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcium-mediated myocyte cell _______ is a consequence of the action of cardio-selective CCBs.

    <p>necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) includes conditions like atrial _______ and fibrillation.

    <p>flutter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nifedipine is beneficial in treating _______ heart disease, but may require dose adjustment to avoid side effects.

    <p>ischemic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dihydropyridines such as Nifedipine primarily cause peripheral _______.

    <p>vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Verapamil has little clinical significance in the regulation of _______ release from pancreatic beta cells.

    <p>insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The therapeutic uses of these medications include managing conditions like _______ due to their effects on myocardial oxygen demand.

    <p>ischemic heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Verapamil decreases ______ conduction, protecting the ventricles from rapid atrial rate.

    <p>AV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nifedipine is contraindicated as it causes ______ and reflex tachycardia.

    <p>hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, the wall of the left ventricle and interventricular septum is much ______.

    <p>thickened</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increasing contractility worsens the obstruction while ______ contractility reduces resistance to blood flow.

    <p>decreasing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The thickening of the left ventricular wall in HOCM leads to narrowing of the ______ outlet.

    <p>aortic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In decreasing contractility, blood flow through the aortic outlet can improve exercise ______.

    <p>tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcium channel blockers like Verapamil and Diltiazem share a similar effect on ______ conduction.

    <p>AV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nifedipine may cause significant ______ vasodilation.

    <p>peripheral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nifedipine is contraindicated because it produces reflex ______.

    <p>tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Peripheral vascular disease such as ______ is treated with Nifedipine.

    <p>Raynaud's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nifedipine can be used to ______ the uterus and delay preterm labor.

    <p>relax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Verapamil and Diltiazem may cause ______ due to decreased gastrointestinal motility.

    <p>constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nimodipine has a high affinity for ______ blood vessels.

    <p>cerebral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nifedipine and Amlodipine are used to treat ______ hypertension.

    <p>arterial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    CCBs like Nifedipine can cause peripheral vascular ______ due to decreased Ca2+ influx.

    <p>dilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Negative inotropic effects of Verapamil and Diltiazem can worsen ______.

    <p>CHF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nifedipine can cause gingival ______ as a side effect.

    <p>hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The risk of worsened tachycardia with WPW syndrome may occur due to drugs that decrease ______ conduction.

    <p>AV nodal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Salt and water retention from Nifedipine can lead to ______ edema.

    <p>ankle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Verapamil and Diltiazem are contraindicated in patients with ______ heart failure.

    <p>congestive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In WPW syndrome, an accessory conducting pathway exists between the ______ and ventricles.

    <p>atria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amiodarone can be used to manage ______ syndrome.

    <p>WPW</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The significant vasodilation effect from Nifedipine is more common than with ______.

    <p>verapamil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Worsening of tachycardia in WPW syndrome is due to conduction in an ______ pathway.

    <p>abnormal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the calcium channel blockers with their primary effects on the heart:

    <p>Nifedipine = Increases heart rate through reflex Diltiazem = Decreases heart rate significantly Verapamil = Negative inotropic effect Amlodipine = Minimal effect on heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the calcium channel blockers with their classification:

    <p>Nifedipine = Dihydropyridine Diltiazem = Cardio-selective Flunarizine = Other tissue effect Amlodipine = Dihydropyridine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the pharmacological effects with the corresponding calcium channel blocker:

    <p>Nifedipine = Coronary vasodilation Diltiazem = A-V conduction decrease Verapamil = Negative inotropic effect Amlodipine = Significant peripheral vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the effects on blood pressure with the corresponding calcium channel blockers:

    <p>Nifedipine = Decreased blood pressure significantly Diltiazem = Moderate decrease in blood pressure Verapamil = Significant decrease in blood pressure Amlodipine = Slight decrease in blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the calcium channel blockers with their effect on coronary blood flow:

    <p>Nifedipine = Significant increase Diltiazem = Moderate increase Verapamil = Limited increase Amlodipine = Significant increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the drug with its specific effect on smooth muscle relaxation:

    <p>Cinnarizine = Bronchial smooth muscle relaxation Flunarizine = Vascular smooth muscle relaxation Nifedipine = Uterine smooth muscle relaxation Diltiazem = Gastrointestinal smooth muscle relaxation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of calcium channel blocker with their primary tissue selectivity:

    <p>Cardiac selective CCBs = Verapamil and Diltiazem Dihydropyridines = Nifedipine and Amlodipine Other tissue selective CCBs = Flunarizine and Cinnarizine Vascular selective CCBs = Nicardipine and Nimodipine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the calcium channel blockers with their effects on smooth muscle across different systems:

    <p>Nifedipine = Relaxes vascular and gastrointestinal muscles Diltiazem = Relaxes bronchial and uterine muscles Verapamil = Primarily affects cardiac muscle Amlodipine = Relaxes vascular muscles significantly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following calcium channel blockers with their specific therapeutic effects:

    <p>Verapamil = Decreases myocardial contractility Diltiazem = Reduces heart rate Nifedipine = Causes peripheral vasodilation Amlodipine = Improves coronary blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with the calcium channel blocker most commonly used to treat them:

    <p>Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy = Verapamil Ischemic heart disease = Diltiazem Chronic hypertension = Nifedipine Supraventricular tachycardia = Diltiazem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following effects with the corresponding class of calcium channel blockers:

    <p>Dihydropyridines = Significant peripheral vasodilation Cardio-selective CCBs = Negative inotropic effects Nondihydropyridines = Decrease heart rate Nifedipine = Risk of reflex tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following effects of calcium channel blockers with their mechanism of action:

    <p>Coronary vasodilation = Inhibition of calcium channels in coronary vessels Decreased myocardial oxygen demand = Reduced myocardial contractility Peripheral vasodilation = Dilation of peripheral arterioles Decreased insulin release = Calcium-mediated effect on pancreatic beta cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following side effects with the respective calcium channel blocker:

    <p>Verapamil = Constipation Nifedipine = Peripheral edema Diltiazem = Bradycardia Amlodipine = Facial flushing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions related to supraventricular tachycardia (SVT):

    <p>Atrial flutter = Rapid electrical signals in the atria Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia = Episodes of rapid heart rate Atrial fibrillation = Irregular and often rapid heart rhythm SVT = Increased heart rate originating above the ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following statements about the effects of calcium channel blockers with their classifications:

    <p>Cardio-selective CCBs = Adjust myocardial oxygen demand Vasculosselective CCBs = Reduce peripheral vascular resistance Dihydropyridines = Cause significant blood pressure reduction Nondihydropyridines = Control heart rate in arrhythmias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the below-listed conditions with their contraindicated calcium channel blocker:

    <p>Heart failure = Verapamil Hypotension = Nifedipine Atrioventricular block = Diltiazem Vascular disease = Amlodipine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following calcium channel blockers with their specific indications or effects:

    <p>Nifedipine = Arterial hypertension Amiodipine = Peripheral vascular disease Nimodipine = Prevention of cerebral vasospasm Verapamil = Bradycardia and heart block</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following side effects with their associated calcium channel blockers:

    <p>Diltiazem = Constipation due to decreased GIT motility Nifedipine = Reflex tachycardia Verapamil = Worsening of congestive heart failure Nimodipine = Prevention of ischemic complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with the appropriate calcium channel blockers that may be used in their treatment:

    <p>Raynaud's disease = Nifedipine Subarachnoid hemorrhage = Nimodipine Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy = Verapamil Preterm labor = Nifedipine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following adverse effects with their calcium channel blocker:

    <p>Verapamil = Heart block Diltiazem = Negative inotropic effect Nifedipine = Peripheral vascular dilation Nimodipine = Cerebral vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following calcium channel blockers to their vascular selectivity:

    <p>Nifedipine = Vasculo-selective Amiodipine = Vasculo-selective Diltiazem = Cardio-selective Verapamil = Cardio-selective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drug effects with the correct description:

    <p>Nifedipine = Decreases myocardial contractility and cardiac output Verapamil = Decreases heart rate Diltiazem = Reduces peripheral vascular resistance Nimodipine = Increases cerebral blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following complications with their corresponding clinical settings:

    <p>Reflex tachycardia = Ischemic heart disease Worsening of CHF = Verapamil and Diltiazem Cerebral vasospasm = Subarachnoid hemorrhage Peripheral vascular disease = Nifedipine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following indications for calcium channel blockers with their roles:

    <p>Nifedipine = Improves peripheral microcirculation Nimodipine = Prevents ischemia during subarachnoid hemorrhage Diltiazem = Used in chronic stable angina Verapamil = Management of atrial fibrillation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following medications with their primary effects:

    <p>Verapamil = Decreases AV conduction Nifedipine = Causes reflex tachycardia Diltiazem = Negative inotropic effect β-blockers = Similar effect as Verapamil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their associated characteristics:

    <p>Hypotensive states = Contraindication for Nifedipine Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) = Thickened left ventricular wall Aortic outlet obstruction = Narrowing of blood flow Increased contractility = Worsens obstruction in HOCM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Reflex tachycardia = Compensatory increase in heart rate Hypotension = Potential adverse effect of Nifedipine Decreased contractility = Improves exercise tolerance in HOCM Obstructive cardiomyopathy = Condition leading to aortic outlet narrowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following effects with the corresponding drug:

    <p>Verapamil = Protects ventricles from rapid atrial rates Diltiazem = Negative inotropic agent Nifedipine = Causes peripheral vasodilation β-blockers = Similar action to Verapamil on AV conduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the effects of medications with their logical consequences:

    <p>Increased contractility = Increases obstruction in HOCM Decreased contractility = Reduces resistance to outflow Nifedipine use = Can lead to hypotension Verapamil action = Decreases heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following calcium channel blockers with their specific therapeutic uses:

    <p>Verapamil = Management of supraventricular tachycardia Nifedipine = Treatment of arterial hypertension Diltiazem = Negative inotropic therapy β-blockers = Control of rapid atrial rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following medications with their side effects:

    <p>Verapamil = Gastrointestinal motility issues Nifedipine = Peripheral edema Diltiazem = Bradycardia risk β-blockers = Fatigue and dizziness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their definitions:

    <p>Hypotensive risk = Concern with Nifedipine use AV conduction decrease = Effect of Verapamil HOCM pathophysiology = Thickening of left ventricular wall Increased pulse rate = Common outcome of reflex tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following calcium channel blockers with their primary concerns or characteristics:

    <p>Nifedipine = Gingival hyperplasia Verapamil = Bradycardia Diltiazem = Heart block Amiodarone = Management of WPW syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions to their associated risks with calcium channel blockers:

    <p>Congestive heart failure = Verapamil and Diltiazem contraindication Hypotension = Nifedipine related reflex tachycardia Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome = Paradoxical increase in conduction Salt and water retention = Nifedipine side effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following effects to the correct calcium channel blocker:

    <p>Diltiazem = Negative inotropic effect Nifedipine = Significant peripheral vasodilation Verapamil = Decreased AV conduction Adenosine = Non-selective AV nodal conduction decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following symptoms to their corresponding calcium channel blocker action:

    <p>Gingival hyperplasia = Nifedipine Ankle edema = Nifedipine-related salt and water retention Bradycardia = Verapamil Heart block = Diltiazem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drug effects related to Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome:

    <p>Amiodarone = Management agent for WPW syndrome Digoxin = Paradoxical acceleration of conduction Calcium Channel Blockers = Possible paradoxical increase in conduction Beta-blockers = Potential AV nodal conduction decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cardiovascular concerns to the correct implications for calcium channel blocker use:

    <p>Reflex tachycardia = Nifedipine-related concern Increased risk of arrhythmias = Use in WPW syndrome Peripheral vascular resistance = Dihydropyridines effect Negative chronotropic effect = Verapamil and Diltiazem effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each condition with its drug management approach:

    <p>Hypotension = Caution with Nifedipine Heart block = Caution with Verapamil Gingival hyperplasia = Common with Nifedipine WPW syndrome = Managed by amiodarone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following adverse effects to their corresponding calcium channel blockers:

    <p>Nifedipine = Salt and water retention Verapamil = Gastrointestinal motility reduction Diltiazem = Negative inotropic effects Adenosine = Complex interaction with nodal conduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs)

    • CCBs block voltage-gated calcium (Ca²⁺) channels, influencing cardiac and vascular activity.
    • Classification based on tissue selectivity:
      • Cardiac Effects: Verapamil, Diltiazem
      • Vascular Effects (Dihydropyridines): Nifedipine, Amlodipine, Nimodipine, Nicardipine
      • Effects on Other Tissues: Flunarizine, Cinnarizine

    Pharmacological Effects

    • Cardiovascular System (CVS):

      • Negative inotropic effects:
        • Nifedipine: No effect
        • Diltiazem: Moderate effect
        • Verapamil: Strong effect
      • A-V conduction:
        • Nifedipine: No effect
        • Diltiazem: Decreases conduction
        • Verapamil: Significantly decreases conduction
      • Heart Rate (HR):
        • Nifedipine: Increases (reflex tachycardia)
        • Diltiazem: Decreases
        • Verapamil: Strongly decreases

    • Blood Vessels:

      • Coronary Vasodilation:
        • Nifedipine: Strong
        • Diltiazem: Moderate
        • Verapamil: Moderate
      • Peripheral Vasodilation:
        • Nifedipine: Strong
        • Diltiazem: Moderate
        • Verapamil: Moderate
      • Blood Pressure Reduction:
        • Nifedipine: Strong
        • Diltiazem: Moderate
        • Verapamil: Moderate

    • Other Effects:

      • Relaxation of smooth muscles across various systems (vascular, bronchial, gastrointestinal, uterine).
      • Reduction of calcium-mediated cell necrosis and apoptosis.
      • Verapamil affects pancreatic beta-cell insulin release minimally clinically.

    Therapeutic Uses

    • Cardio-selective CCBs (Verapamil & Diltiazem):

      • Used in ischemic heart disease (IHD) to reduce myocardial contractility and oxygen demand, improve coronary blood flow, and decrease myocardial necrosis.

    • Vasculo-selective CCBs (Dihydropyridines like Nifedipine):

      • Effective in managing arterial hypertension and peripheral vascular diseases (e.g., Raynaud's disease) while improving peripheral microcirculation.
      • Nifedipine can relax the uterus and delay preterm labor.
      • Nimodipine specifically prevents cerebral vasospasm and ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

    Adverse Effects

    • Verapamil & Diltiazem:

      • Bradycardia and heart block.
      • Worsening of congestive heart failure due to negative inotropic effects.
      • Constipation linked to reduced gastrointestinal motility.

    • Nifedipine:

      • Hypotension and reflex tachycardia.
      • Gingival hyperplasia.
      • Salt and water retention causing ankle edema, more common than with Verapamil.

    Contraindications & Precautions

    • Verapamil & Diltiazem:
      • Contraindicated in congestive heart failure and significant bradycardia or heart block.
      • Caution in Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome, where abnormal conduction pathways may worsen tachycardia under CCB influence.
    • Clinical management for WPW includes amiodarone, but definitive treatment is accessory pathway ablation.

    Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs)

    • CCBs block voltage-gated calcium (Ca²⁺) channels, influencing cardiac and vascular activity.
    • Classification based on tissue selectivity:
      • Cardiac Effects: Verapamil, Diltiazem
      • Vascular Effects (Dihydropyridines): Nifedipine, Amlodipine, Nimodipine, Nicardipine
      • Effects on Other Tissues: Flunarizine, Cinnarizine

    Pharmacological Effects

    • Cardiovascular System (CVS):

      • Negative inotropic effects:
        • Nifedipine: No effect
        • Diltiazem: Moderate effect
        • Verapamil: Strong effect
      • A-V conduction:
        • Nifedipine: No effect
        • Diltiazem: Decreases conduction
        • Verapamil: Significantly decreases conduction
      • Heart Rate (HR):
        • Nifedipine: Increases (reflex tachycardia)
        • Diltiazem: Decreases
        • Verapamil: Strongly decreases

    • Blood Vessels:

      • Coronary Vasodilation:
        • Nifedipine: Strong
        • Diltiazem: Moderate
        • Verapamil: Moderate
      • Peripheral Vasodilation:
        • Nifedipine: Strong
        • Diltiazem: Moderate
        • Verapamil: Moderate
      • Blood Pressure Reduction:
        • Nifedipine: Strong
        • Diltiazem: Moderate
        • Verapamil: Moderate

    • Other Effects:

      • Relaxation of smooth muscles across various systems (vascular, bronchial, gastrointestinal, uterine).
      • Reduction of calcium-mediated cell necrosis and apoptosis.
      • Verapamil affects pancreatic beta-cell insulin release minimally clinically.

    Therapeutic Uses

    • Cardio-selective CCBs (Verapamil & Diltiazem):

      • Used in ischemic heart disease (IHD) to reduce myocardial contractility and oxygen demand, improve coronary blood flow, and decrease myocardial necrosis.

    • Vasculo-selective CCBs (Dihydropyridines like Nifedipine):

      • Effective in managing arterial hypertension and peripheral vascular diseases (e.g., Raynaud's disease) while improving peripheral microcirculation.
      • Nifedipine can relax the uterus and delay preterm labor.
      • Nimodipine specifically prevents cerebral vasospasm and ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

    Adverse Effects

    • Verapamil & Diltiazem:

      • Bradycardia and heart block.
      • Worsening of congestive heart failure due to negative inotropic effects.
      • Constipation linked to reduced gastrointestinal motility.

    • Nifedipine:

      • Hypotension and reflex tachycardia.
      • Gingival hyperplasia.
      • Salt and water retention causing ankle edema, more common than with Verapamil.

    Contraindications & Precautions

    • Verapamil & Diltiazem:
      • Contraindicated in congestive heart failure and significant bradycardia or heart block.
      • Caution in Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome, where abnormal conduction pathways may worsen tachycardia under CCB influence.
    • Clinical management for WPW includes amiodarone, but definitive treatment is accessory pathway ablation.

    Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs)

    • CCBs block voltage-gated calcium (Ca²⁺) channels, influencing cardiac and vascular activity.
    • Classification based on tissue selectivity:
      • Cardiac Effects: Verapamil, Diltiazem
      • Vascular Effects (Dihydropyridines): Nifedipine, Amlodipine, Nimodipine, Nicardipine
      • Effects on Other Tissues: Flunarizine, Cinnarizine

    Pharmacological Effects

    • Cardiovascular System (CVS):

      • Negative inotropic effects:
        • Nifedipine: No effect
        • Diltiazem: Moderate effect
        • Verapamil: Strong effect
      • A-V conduction:
        • Nifedipine: No effect
        • Diltiazem: Decreases conduction
        • Verapamil: Significantly decreases conduction
      • Heart Rate (HR):
        • Nifedipine: Increases (reflex tachycardia)
        • Diltiazem: Decreases
        • Verapamil: Strongly decreases

    • Blood Vessels:

      • Coronary Vasodilation:
        • Nifedipine: Strong
        • Diltiazem: Moderate
        • Verapamil: Moderate
      • Peripheral Vasodilation:
        • Nifedipine: Strong
        • Diltiazem: Moderate
        • Verapamil: Moderate
      • Blood Pressure Reduction:
        • Nifedipine: Strong
        • Diltiazem: Moderate
        • Verapamil: Moderate

    • Other Effects:

      • Relaxation of smooth muscles across various systems (vascular, bronchial, gastrointestinal, uterine).
      • Reduction of calcium-mediated cell necrosis and apoptosis.
      • Verapamil affects pancreatic beta-cell insulin release minimally clinically.

    Therapeutic Uses

    • Cardio-selective CCBs (Verapamil & Diltiazem):

      • Used in ischemic heart disease (IHD) to reduce myocardial contractility and oxygen demand, improve coronary blood flow, and decrease myocardial necrosis.

    • Vasculo-selective CCBs (Dihydropyridines like Nifedipine):

      • Effective in managing arterial hypertension and peripheral vascular diseases (e.g., Raynaud's disease) while improving peripheral microcirculation.
      • Nifedipine can relax the uterus and delay preterm labor.
      • Nimodipine specifically prevents cerebral vasospasm and ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

    Adverse Effects

    • Verapamil & Diltiazem:

      • Bradycardia and heart block.
      • Worsening of congestive heart failure due to negative inotropic effects.
      • Constipation linked to reduced gastrointestinal motility.

    • Nifedipine:

      • Hypotension and reflex tachycardia.
      • Gingival hyperplasia.
      • Salt and water retention causing ankle edema, more common than with Verapamil.

    Contraindications & Precautions

    • Verapamil & Diltiazem:
      • Contraindicated in congestive heart failure and significant bradycardia or heart block.
      • Caution in Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome, where abnormal conduction pathways may worsen tachycardia under CCB influence.
    • Clinical management for WPW includes amiodarone, but definitive treatment is accessory pathway ablation.

    Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs)

    • CCBs block voltage-gated calcium (Ca²⁺) channels, influencing cardiac and vascular activity.
    • Classification based on tissue selectivity:
      • Cardiac Effects: Verapamil, Diltiazem
      • Vascular Effects (Dihydropyridines): Nifedipine, Amlodipine, Nimodipine, Nicardipine
      • Effects on Other Tissues: Flunarizine, Cinnarizine

    Pharmacological Effects

    • Cardiovascular System (CVS):

      • Negative inotropic effects:
        • Nifedipine: No effect
        • Diltiazem: Moderate effect
        • Verapamil: Strong effect
      • A-V conduction:
        • Nifedipine: No effect
        • Diltiazem: Decreases conduction
        • Verapamil: Significantly decreases conduction
      • Heart Rate (HR):
        • Nifedipine: Increases (reflex tachycardia)
        • Diltiazem: Decreases
        • Verapamil: Strongly decreases

    • Blood Vessels:

      • Coronary Vasodilation:
        • Nifedipine: Strong
        • Diltiazem: Moderate
        • Verapamil: Moderate
      • Peripheral Vasodilation:
        • Nifedipine: Strong
        • Diltiazem: Moderate
        • Verapamil: Moderate
      • Blood Pressure Reduction:
        • Nifedipine: Strong
        • Diltiazem: Moderate
        • Verapamil: Moderate

    • Other Effects:

      • Relaxation of smooth muscles across various systems (vascular, bronchial, gastrointestinal, uterine).
      • Reduction of calcium-mediated cell necrosis and apoptosis.
      • Verapamil affects pancreatic beta-cell insulin release minimally clinically.

    Therapeutic Uses

    • Cardio-selective CCBs (Verapamil & Diltiazem):

      • Used in ischemic heart disease (IHD) to reduce myocardial contractility and oxygen demand, improve coronary blood flow, and decrease myocardial necrosis.

    • Vasculo-selective CCBs (Dihydropyridines like Nifedipine):

      • Effective in managing arterial hypertension and peripheral vascular diseases (e.g., Raynaud's disease) while improving peripheral microcirculation.
      • Nifedipine can relax the uterus and delay preterm labor.
      • Nimodipine specifically prevents cerebral vasospasm and ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

    Adverse Effects

    • Verapamil & Diltiazem:

      • Bradycardia and heart block.
      • Worsening of congestive heart failure due to negative inotropic effects.
      • Constipation linked to reduced gastrointestinal motility.

    • Nifedipine:

      • Hypotension and reflex tachycardia.
      • Gingival hyperplasia.
      • Salt and water retention causing ankle edema, more common than with Verapamil.

    Contraindications & Precautions

    • Verapamil & Diltiazem:
      • Contraindicated in congestive heart failure and significant bradycardia or heart block.
      • Caution in Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome, where abnormal conduction pathways may worsen tachycardia under CCB influence.
    • Clinical management for WPW includes amiodarone, but definitive treatment is accessory pathway ablation.

    Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs)

    • CCBs block voltage-gated calcium (Ca²⁺) channels, influencing cardiac and vascular activity.
    • Classification based on tissue selectivity:
      • Cardiac Effects: Verapamil, Diltiazem
      • Vascular Effects (Dihydropyridines): Nifedipine, Amlodipine, Nimodipine, Nicardipine
      • Effects on Other Tissues: Flunarizine, Cinnarizine

    Pharmacological Effects

    • Cardiovascular System (CVS):

      • Negative inotropic effects:
        • Nifedipine: No effect
        • Diltiazem: Moderate effect
        • Verapamil: Strong effect
      • A-V conduction:
        • Nifedipine: No effect
        • Diltiazem: Decreases conduction
        • Verapamil: Significantly decreases conduction
      • Heart Rate (HR):
        • Nifedipine: Increases (reflex tachycardia)
        • Diltiazem: Decreases
        • Verapamil: Strongly decreases

    • Blood Vessels:

      • Coronary Vasodilation:
        • Nifedipine: Strong
        • Diltiazem: Moderate
        • Verapamil: Moderate
      • Peripheral Vasodilation:
        • Nifedipine: Strong
        • Diltiazem: Moderate
        • Verapamil: Moderate
      • Blood Pressure Reduction:
        • Nifedipine: Strong
        • Diltiazem: Moderate
        • Verapamil: Moderate

    • Other Effects:

      • Relaxation of smooth muscles across various systems (vascular, bronchial, gastrointestinal, uterine).
      • Reduction of calcium-mediated cell necrosis and apoptosis.
      • Verapamil affects pancreatic beta-cell insulin release minimally clinically.

    Therapeutic Uses

    • Cardio-selective CCBs (Verapamil & Diltiazem):

      • Used in ischemic heart disease (IHD) to reduce myocardial contractility and oxygen demand, improve coronary blood flow, and decrease myocardial necrosis.

    • Vasculo-selective CCBs (Dihydropyridines like Nifedipine):

      • Effective in managing arterial hypertension and peripheral vascular diseases (e.g., Raynaud's disease) while improving peripheral microcirculation.
      • Nifedipine can relax the uterus and delay preterm labor.
      • Nimodipine specifically prevents cerebral vasospasm and ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

    Adverse Effects

    • Verapamil & Diltiazem:

      • Bradycardia and heart block.
      • Worsening of congestive heart failure due to negative inotropic effects.
      • Constipation linked to reduced gastrointestinal motility.

    • Nifedipine:

      • Hypotension and reflex tachycardia.
      • Gingival hyperplasia.
      • Salt and water retention causing ankle edema, more common than with Verapamil.

    Contraindications & Precautions

    • Verapamil & Diltiazem:
      • Contraindicated in congestive heart failure and significant bradycardia or heart block.
      • Caution in Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome, where abnormal conduction pathways may worsen tachycardia under CCB influence.
    • Clinical management for WPW includes amiodarone, but definitive treatment is accessory pathway ablation.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the pharmacological effects of Nifedipine, including its contraindications and impact on myocardial contractility. It also addresses how it causes peripheral vascular dilation and its relationship with arterial hypertension. Understand key concepts related to its clinical use and complications.

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