5 Questions
What is the primary function of nephrons in the kidneys?
To form urine
What is the term for the structural and functional units of the kidneys?
Nephron
How many nephrons are present in each kidney?
1 million
What is the relationship between nephrons and the kidneys?
Nephrons are responsible for kidney function
What is the main role of kidney vasculature?
To supply blood to the nephrons
Study Notes
Cardiac Output
- Cardiac output (CO) is the amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle in one minute.
- CO is the product of heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV).
- It conveys blood to the lungs via pulmonary arteries to reduce carbon dioxide and replenish oxygen levels in the blood before returning to the heart in pulmonary veins.
- Blood returns to the left side of the heart, then enters the systemic circuit.
Respiratory Volumes
- Tidal volume (TV): usually between 2100 and 3200 ml.
- Residual volume: air remaining in the lungs after expiration, about 1200 ml.
- Expiratory reserve volume: not specified.
Neural Control of Ventilation
- Chemoreceptors: sensitive to changes in acidity [H+] and Pco2.
- Central chemoreceptors: located in the brainstem.
Kidney Vasculature and Nephrons
- Nephrons: structural and functional units of the kidneys (1 million in each kidney).
- Responsible for forming urine.
Test your knowledge on cardiac output, its formula, and the factors that affect it. Learn how heart rate and stroke volume contribute to cardiac output.
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