77 Questions
What is the primary factor that influences cardiac output?
Cardiac rate
What is the approximate cardiac output for an average adult at rest?
4,900 milliliters per minute
What is the maximum cardiac output during strenuous exercise?
25 liters per minute
What division of the autonomic nervous system regulates heart rate during exercise?
Sympathetic division
What neurotransmitter is released by the parasympathetic division to slow down heart rate?
Acetylcholine
What is the primary function of the sinoatrial node in the heart?
To control cardiac rate
What is the effect of the sympathoadrenal system on heart rate during exercise?
Increases heart rate
What is the formula to calculate cardiac output?
Cardiac rate multiplied by stroke volume
Match the following terms with their respective functions in the regulation of heart rate:
Sympathoadrenal system = Increases heart rate during exercise Parasympathetic division = Slows down heart rate at rest Sinoatrial node = Acts as the heart's pacemaker Adrenergic receptors = Bind to norepinephrine and epinephrine
Match the following factors with their effects on cardiac output:
Cardiac rate = Increases cardiac output by beating faster Stroke volume = Increases cardiac output by pumping more blood per beat Exercise = Increases cardiac output up to 25 liters per minute Rest = Maintains cardiac output at approximately 5 liters per minute
Match the following substances with their roles in heart rate regulation:
Acetylcholine = Slows down heart rate by binding to muscarinic receptors Norepinephrine = Increases heart rate by binding to adrenergic receptor Epinephrine = Increases heart rate by binding to adrenergic receptors Hormones = Influence heart rate through various mechanisms
Match the following components with their roles in the autonomic nervous system:
Sympathetic division = Regulates heart rate during exercise Parasympathetic division = Regulates heart rate at rest Autonomic division = Regulates involuntary actions, including heart rate Sinoatrial node = Acts as the heart's pacemaker
Match the following terms with their respective units of measurement:
Cardiac output = Liters per minute (L/min) Stroke volume = Milliliters per beat (mL/beat) Cardiac rate = Beats per minute (bpm) Blood volume = Milliliters (mL)
Match the following conditions with their corresponding cardiac output values:
Rest = Approximately 5 L/min Exercise = Up to 25 L/min Strenuous exercise = Maximum cardiac output Average adult = Approximately 4,900 mL/min
Match the following regulatory systems with their effects on heart rate:
Sympathoadrenal system = Increases heart rate during exercise Parasympathetic system = Decreases heart rate at rest Autonomic nervous system = Regulates involuntary actions, including heart rate Endocrine system = Influences heart rate through hormone regulation
Match the following components with their roles in the heart:
Ventricle = Pumps blood throughout the body Sinoatrial node = Acts as the heart's pacemaker Cardiac muscle = Contracts to pump blood Autonomic nervous system = Regulates heart rate
What is the main reason for the increase in cardiac output during exercise?
Increases in both heart rate and stroke volume
What is the role of the sympathoadrenal system on venous return?
It increases venous return
What is the mechanism by which the sympathoadrenal system increases contractility of the ventricles?
By increasing the amount of calcium available for the sarcomeres
What is the Frank-Starling Law?
A law that states that an increase in end diastolic volume leads to a greater strength of contraction
What is the effect of the skeletal muscle pump on venous return during exercise?
It increases venous return
What is the role of the respiratory system in venous return?
It increases venous return
What is the effect of venoconstriction on venous return?
It increases venous return
What is the optimal length of the sarcomeres for contraction?
The optimal length, which allows for the strongest contraction
What is the role of end diastolic volume (EDV) in the Frank-Starling Law?
It is the maximum volume of blood that the ventricles can hold when they are 100% filled
What is the effect of increasing end diastolic volume (EDV) on stroke volume?
It increases stroke volume
Match the following mechanisms with their effects on cardiac output during exercise:
Increased heart rate = Increases cardiac output by pumping more blood per minute Increased contractility of the ventricles = Allows for more blood to be forced out per beat Increased venous return = Increases stroke volume through the Frank-Starling Law Venoconstriction = Decreases cardiac output by reducing blood flow to the heart
Match the following components with their roles in regulating cardiac output during exercise:
Sympathoadrenal system = Increases heart rate and contractility of the ventricles Skeletal muscle pump = Increases venous return by pushing blood back towards the heart Respiratory system = Increases venous return by lowering chest cavity pressure Parasympathetic division = Decreases heart rate and contractility of the ventricles
Match the following terms with their definitions in cardiac physiology:
Stroke volume = The volume of blood pumped out of the ventricles per beat End diastolic volume = The maximum volume of blood that the ventricles can hold when they are 100% filled Cardiac output = The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute Venoconstriction = The widening of blood vessels to increase blood flow
Match the following physiologic changes with their effects on cardiac output during exercise:
Increased calcium availability = Increases contractility of the ventricles Increased end diastolic volume = Increases stroke volume through the Frank-Starling Law Increased venous return = Increases stroke volume by stretching the ventricles Decreased sympathetic stimulation = Decreases cardiac output by reducing heart rate and contractility
Match the following terms with their roles in the Frank-Starling Law:
End diastolic volume = The volume of blood that stretches the ventricles to increase contraction strength Stroke volume = The volume of blood pumped out of the ventricles per beat Cardiac output = The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute Sarcomere length = The optimal length for the strongest contraction
Match the following physiologic mechanisms with their effects on venous return during exercise:
Skeletal muscle pump = Increases venous return by pushing blood back towards the heart Respiratory system = Increases venous return by lowering chest cavity pressure Venoconstriction = Increases venous return by constricting blood vessels Parasympathetic division = Decreases venous return by relaxing blood vessels
Match the following components with their roles in increasing cardiac output during exercise:
Sympathoadrenal system = Increases heart rate and contractility of the ventricles Ventricles = Pump more blood out of the heart with increased contractility Skeletal muscle pump = Increases venous return to increase stroke volume Atria = Increases heart rate by pumping more blood into the ventricles
Match the following terms with their effects on cardiac muscle contraction:
Increased calcium availability = Increases contraction strength by allowing for stronger contractions Increased end diastolic volume = Increases contraction strength by stretching the ventricles Optimal sarcomere length = Allows for the strongest contraction Venoconstriction = Decreases contraction strength by reducing blood flow to the heart
Match the following physiologic changes with their effects on cardiac function during exercise:
Increased heart rate = Increases cardiac output by pumping more blood per minute Increased stroke volume = Increases cardiac output by pumping more blood per beat Increased venous return = Increases cardiac output by increasing stroke volume Increased parasympathetic stimulation = Decreases cardiac output by reducing heart rate and contractility
Match the following components with their roles in regulating cardiac output during exercise:
Sympathoadrenal system = Increases heart rate and contractility of the ventricles Skeletal muscle pump = Increases venous return to increase stroke volume Respiratory system = Increases venous return by lowering chest cavity pressure Autonomic nervous system = Regulates heart rate and contractility through the sympathoadrenal system
What is the effect of increased peripheral resistance on stroke volume?
It decreases stroke volume
What is atherosclerosis characterized by?
The hardening and narrowing of blood vessels due to the accumulation of cholesterol and fatty deposits
What is one of the risk factors for atherosclerosis?
High blood pressure
What is the result of atherosclerosis on the heart?
It puts a strain on the heart
What can help prevent or reduce the risk of atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases?
Regular exercise, a healthy diet, and medications like statins
What is the result of blood viscosity increase?
It makes it harder for blood to flow
What is the result of the narrowing of arterioles and arteries?
It increases peripheral resistance
What can cause the narrowing of arterioles and arteries?
Vasoconstriction, atherosclerosis, or blood clots
Match the following conditions with their effects on cardiac function:
Atherosclerosis = Decrease in stroke volume Polycythemia = Increase in blood viscosity Dehydration = Increase in blood viscosity Vasoconstriction = Increase in peripheral resistance
Which of the following organs requires a constant supply of blood?
Brain
What is the relationship between blood flow and pressure gradient?
Directly proportional
How can blood flow to a particular tissue be maximized?
By increasing the contraction strength of the heart
What is the primary way to regulate blood distribution?
By altering the diameter of arterioles
What is the effect of increasing vessel diameter on blood flow?
It decreases resistance
Why does the heart need a constant supply of blood?
Due to its high aerobic demands
What is the effect of vasoconstriction on blood flow?
It decreases blood flow
What is the relationship between blood flow and resistance?
Inversely proportional
Why does skeletal muscle blood flow increase during exercise?
To meet the increased oxygen and nutrient demands
What is the effect of reducing blood viscosity on blood flow?
It increases blood flow
What is the effect of vasoconstriction on blood flow?
It decreases blood flow
What happens to blood distribution during exercise?
More blood is sent to the skeletal muscle
What is the effect of oxygen levels decreasing during exercise?
Arteriole dilation
What is the role of the sympathoadrenal division during exercise?
It increases cardiac output
What is the effect of local temperature on arteriole diameter in the skin?
It causes vasoconstriction
What is the role of myogenic regulation in the brain?
It prevents hemorrhagic stroke
What is the effect of histamine release on blood flow?
It increases blood flow
What is the effect of endothelium-released nitric oxide on blood flow?
It increases blood flow
What is the effect of endothelin, released by the endothelium, on blood flow?
It decreases blood flow
What is the relationship between resistance and radius in blood vessels?
It is proportional to one over the radius to the fourth power
Match the following organs with their blood flow requirements:
Brain = Constant supply of blood Digestive system = Temporary drops in blood flow can be tolerated Skin = Temporary drops in blood flow can be tolerated Heart = Constant supply of blood
Match the following physiological changes with their effects on blood flow:
Increased contraction strength of the heart = Increased pressure gradient Reduced blood viscosity = Decreased resistance Increased vessel diameter = Decreased resistance Increased vessel length = Increased resistance
Match the following mechanisms with their effects on blood flow regulation:
Sympathetic division = Regulation of arteriole diameter Respiratory pump action = Increased pressure gradient Endothelium-released nitric oxide = Vasodilation Venoconstriction = Decreased venous return
Match the following terms with their relationships with blood flow:
Pressure gradient = Directly proportional Resistance = Inversely proportional Blood viscosity = Directly proportional Vessel diameter = Inversely proportional
Match the following physiological changes with their effects on skeletal muscle blood flow:
Exercise = Increased blood flow Rest = Decreased blood flow Increased oxygen demand = Increased blood flow Decreased nutrient demand = Decreased blood flow
Match the following components with their roles in blood flow regulation:
Arterioles = Regulation of blood flow through diameter changes Venules = Regulation of venous return Capillaries = Exchange of oxygen and nutrients Veins = Return of blood to the heart
Match the following mechanisms with their effects on arteriole diameter:
Parasympathetic division = Vasodilation Endothelium-released nitric oxide = Vasodilation Local temperature increase = Vasodilation Sympathetic division = Vasoconstriction
Match the following physiological changes with their effects on blood flow:
Vasoconstriction = Decreases blood flow Vasodilation = Increases blood flow Increased oxygen levels = Increases blood flow Decreased pH = Decreases blood flow
Match the following local regulation mechanisms with their effects on blood flow:
Myogenic regulation = Constricts blood vessels in response to increased blood pressure Local temperature regulation = Dilates blood vessels in warm conditions Metabolic regulation = Dilates blood vessels in response to decreased oxygen levels Histamine release = Constricts blood vessels in response to tissue damage
Match the following substances with their effects on blood flow:
Nitric oxide = Causes vasodilation Endothelin = Causes vasoconstriction Histamine = Causes vasodilation Carbon dioxide = Causes vasoconstriction
Match the following physiological changes with their effects on blood flow in the skin:
Increased local temperature = Dilates blood vessels Increased blood pressure = Dilates blood vessels Decreased local temperature = Constricts blood vessels Decreased oxygen levels = Constricts blood vessels
Match the following physiological changes with their effects on blood flow in the brain:
Increased blood pressure = Constricts blood vessels Decreased blood pressure = Dilates blood vessels Increased oxygen levels = Dilates blood vessels Decreased pH = Constricts blood vessels
Study Notes
- Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute.
- Cardiac output is influenced by cardiac rate (heart rate or beats per minute) and stroke volume (volume of blood pumped per beat).
- Cardiac output can be calculated by multiplying cardiac rate and stroke volume.
- For an average adult at rest, cardiac output is approximately 4,900 milliliters per minute or five liters of blood per minute.
- Cardiac output increases during exercise, up to 25 liters per minute during strenuous exercise.
- The increase in cardiac output during exercise is due to increases in both cardiac rate and stroke volume.
- The autonomic division, specifically the sympathetic division, regulates heart rate during exercise through the sympathoadrenal system.
- The sympathetic division influences the sinoatrial node, the pacemaker of the heart, to increase heart rate during exercise.
- The parasympathetic division slows down heart rate at rest by releasing acetylcholine, which binds to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors at the sinoatrial node.
- During exercise, the sympathoadrenal system releases norepinephrine and epinephrine, which bind to adrenergic receptors at the sinoatrial node, increasing heart rate.
- Hormones and other molecules can also influence the sinoatrial node and heart rate.
Learn about cardiac output, its calculation, and how it increases during exercise. Understand the role of the autonomic nervous system, specifically the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, in regulating heart rate during exercise and at rest.
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