Cardiac Health and Gastrointestinal Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a primary consequence of cardiac tamponade?

  • Enhanced heart function
  • Decreased cardiac output (correct)
  • Increased venous return
  • Reduction in blood pressure

What type of stool would indicate bleeding from the upper gastrointestinal tract?

  • Tarry-black stool with a foul odor (correct)
  • Light yellow color
  • Pale and floating
  • Bright red blood

What is the recommended preparation for a guaiac-based fecal occult blood test (gFOBT)?

  • Eat a high-fiber diet before the test
  • Stop all medications two weeks before the test
  • Consume red meat and vitamin C 72 hours prior
  • Avoid NSAIDs and vitamin C 72 hours prior (correct)

How frequently should a FIT-fecal DNA test be conducted?

<p>Every three years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes peptic ulcer disease related to H pylori?

<p>Infection in the mucus lining of the stomach (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended position for a post-operative patient in bed?

<p>HOB elevated at 45 degrees (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication class requires monitoring for hypotension and cough?

<p>ACE inhibitors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom suggests digitalis toxicity?

<p>Anorexia and yellow/blue haze (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In older adults, which of the following is NOT a common atypical sign of heart failure?

<p>Chest pain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary purpose of using diuretics in heart failure management?

<p>Decrease fluid volume (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is primarily used to increase myocardial contractility?

<p>Dobutamine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a home setting, which practice is encouraged for heart failure patients?

<p>Regular activity building up to 30 minutes daily (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What dietary recommendation is often made for heart failure patients?

<p>Fluid restriction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What dietary changes are recommended for managing venous leg ulcers?

<p>High calorie and high protein diet (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition describes the thickening and hardening of blood vessels?

<p>Arteriosclerosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What indicates the presence of heart failure when measuring BNP levels?

<p>BNP &gt; 100 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of left-sided heart failure?

<p>Coughing with pink frothy sputum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for metabolic syndrome?

<p>Normal fasting glucose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What develops when the endothelium changes in atherosclerosis?

<p>Plaque formation on artery walls (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the compensated phase of heart failure?

<p>Compensatory mechanisms are in place (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a characteristic of stable plaque?

<p>Resists blood flow and vessel movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What test method is typically used to evaluate structural and functional changes of the heart?

<p>Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential symptom of right-sided heart failure?

<p>Ascites and peripheral edema (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one important assessment to conduct before administering a blood transfusion?

<p>Assess lung sounds to check for fluid overload (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What gauge IV needle is recommended for blood transfusions?

<p>20 gauge or higher (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of pneumonia?

<p>Hypoactivity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should a patient with sickle cell disease do to avoid complications related to blood flow?

<p>Stay hydrated and maintain hydration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is part of the preoperative assessment for a patient prior to surgery?

<p>Spiritual beliefs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In managing hypertension, which of the following is an indicated target blood pressure?

<p>120/80 mmHg (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a sign that angina is becoming unstable during a patient's assessment?

<p>Pain lasting longer than 20 minutes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which intervention is important to prevent atelectasis in postoperative patients?

<p>Encourage deep coughing and incentive spirometry (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of emphysema?

<p>Poor elasticity in lung tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment option is commonly used in the management of asthma?

<p>Bronchodilator inhalers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an early sign of hypertensive emergency that requires immediate attention?

<p>Blood pressure greater than 180/120 mmHg (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of tuberculosis, what does a PPD test result of greater than 10mm indicate?

<p>Exposure to mycobacteria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What lifestyle modification is advised for patients with hypertension?

<p>Engage in daily exercise (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended procedure for examining the entire colon?

<p>Colonoscopy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many hours before an endoscopy should a patient be NPO?

<p>8 hours (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What dietary practice can help manage gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

<p>Elevate the head of the bed by at least 30 degrees (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two primary types of esophagus cancer mentioned?

<p>Adenocarcinoma and Squamous cell carcinoma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of feeding bypasses the entire digestive tract?

<p>Parenteral feeding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is common in urinary incontinence caused by stress?

<p>Involuntary leaking during activities increasing abdominal pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which assessment finding would NOT be associated with a urinary tract infection (UTI)?

<p>Visual disturbances (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main risk factor for urinary tract infections in women?

<p>Bacteria in the urinary tract (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What dietary change could help in preventing kidney stones?

<p>Drink plenty of water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nursing action is essential for tube feeding administration?

<p>Confirm tube placement per hospital policy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common medication used to relieve pain in urinary tract infections?

<p>Phenazopyridine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of urinary incontinence occurs due to incomplete emptying of the bladder?

<p>Overflow incontinence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done with urine after a 24-hour urine collection for kidney stones?

<p>Strain all urine and save stones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by visible and painless hematuria in a patient?

<p>Bladder cancer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What increases the risk of stroke by causing blood to pool in the atrium?

<p>Atrial fibrillation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of an embolic stroke?

<p>Symptoms occur suddenly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following manifestations is most likely associated with a cerebral hemorrhage?

<p>Fixed dilated pupils (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is secreted by the thyroid gland in response to high calcium levels?

<p>Calcitonin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common treatment for patients diagnosed with hypothyroidism?

<p>Synthroid administration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What dietary consideration is important for a patient with hyperthyroidism?

<p>Low-calorie diet (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stroke is characterized by a sudden loss of blood flow to part of the brain?

<p>Ischemic stroke (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is expected to be seen in patients experiencing an ischemic stroke due to thrombotic obstruction?

<p>Gradual worsening of symptoms over hours (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main physiological effect of high carbon dioxide levels in the brain?

<p>Cerebral vasodilation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common sign of left hemisphere CVA?

<p>Difficulty with comprehension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended intervention immediately following a stroke diagnosis?

<p>Elevate the head of the bed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of arterial blood flow to the brain?

<p>Delivers oxygen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT a predisposing factor for intracranial hemorrhage?

<p>Sports activities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Heart Failure

A condition where the heart is unable to pump blood effectively to meet the body's demands. This can be due to structural or functional problems with the heart.

Compensated Heart Failure

The heart's initial response to reduced cardiac output where structural and functional changes compensate for the decreased output.

Decompensated Heart Failure

The final stage of heart failure where the heart is no longer able to compensate for reduced cardiac output, leading to worsening symptoms and decreased quality of life.

Left-Sided Heart Failure

A type of heart failure where the left ventricle cannot pump blood effectively. Blood backs up into the lungs, causing congestion and symptoms like shortness of breath, coughing, and fatigue.

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Right-Sided Heart Failure

A type of heart failure where the right ventricle cannot pump blood effectively. Blood backs up into the body causing congestion in peripheral tissues, leading to symptoms like swelling, distended veins, and digestive problems.

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Venous Leg Ulcers and Cardiac Insufficiency

Venous leg ulcers can occur due to potential cardiac insufficiency, often caused by a weakened heart that doesn't pump blood effectively. This can lead to poor circulation and impaired healing in the legs.

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Atherosclerosis

A buildup of fats, cholesterol, and other substances on artery walls, leading to plaque formation. This can result in a narrowing of the arteries. Atherosclerosis is a key risk factor for heart disease.

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Arteriosclerosis

The hardening and thickening of the walls of blood vessels. This makes them less flexible and can restrict blood flow.

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Cardiac Insufficiency

A heart condition where the heart's ability to pump blood effectively is impaired due to structural or functional problems. Reduced cardiac output can lead to various symptoms like shortness of breath, fatigue, and edema.

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Transesophageal Echocardiography (TEE)

A test that uses ultrasound waves to visualize the heart's structure and function. It provides valuable information about valve performance, heart shape, and ejection fraction. It's a non-invasive test.

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Pericardial Effusion

Fluid accumulation within the pericardial sac, the membrane surrounding the heart.

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Cardiac Tamponade

A life-threatening condition where fluid buildup in the pericardial sac constricts the heart, hindering its ability to pump effectively.

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Melena

A stool characteristic indicating bleeding from the upper gastrointestinal tract. It is typically black, tarry, and foul-smelling.

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Guaiac-based fecal occult blood testing (gFOBT)

A diagnostic test to detect hidden blood in stool samples.

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FIT - Fecal Immunochemical Test

A test that detects DNA from cancerous polyps or cancer cells in stool samples.

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Diuretics

A drug that reduces fluid volume by increasing urine production.

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ACE inhibitors

A type of drug that lowers blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels.

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Beta Blocker

A drug that slows down the heartbeat, lowering blood pressure.

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Digitalis

A medication that strengthens the heart muscle, improving its ability to pump blood.

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Dopamine

A drug that increases blood pressure and heart muscle strength.

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Dobutamine

A drug that strengthens the heart muscle, improving its pumping ability, especially in weakened hearts.

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Vasodilator

A type of drug that widens blood vessels, easing symptoms like chest pain.

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Atypical signs of heart failure in older adults

Tiredness, weakness, and drowsiness, which are not always associated with their usual causes.

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Bed rest post-operative

A condition where a person has difficulty getting out of bed and moving around.

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Decompensated IV Medications

A special type of medication used to treat serious heart failure.

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Blood Transfusion

A blood transfusion involves the transfer of blood from a donor to a recipient. It is a crucial medical procedure for treating various conditions, such as anemia and blood loss.

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Informed Consent for Blood Transfusion

Before initiating a blood transfusion, obtaining informed consent from the patient is paramount. This ensures the patient understands the risks and benefits of the procedure.

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Nurse's Role in Blood Transfusion

The nurse plays a vital role in assessing the patient's suitability for a blood transfusion. This includes checking for allergies, monitoring vital signs, and assessing lung sounds to detect potential complications.

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IV Catheter for Blood Transfusion

A high-gauge IV catheter (22 gauge or higher) is typically used for blood transfusions to ensure efficient and safe delivery of blood products.

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IV Fluid for Blood Transfusion

Blood transfusions should only be administered with normal saline solution (0.9% NaCl). Dextrose solutions should be avoided due to their potential to damage red blood cells.

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Sickle Cell Disease: Shape of Red Blood Cells

Sickle cell disease affects the shape of red blood cells, causing them to become stiff and crescent-shaped. This abnormal shape can lead to blockages in blood vessels, restricting blood flow.

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Blood Culture in Sickle Cell Disease

A blood culture is a test that helps identify the type of bacteria or other microorganisms causing an infection in the blood. In sickle cell disease, blood cultures are essential for identifying infections and guiding treatment.

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High Altitude Avoidance in Sickle Cell

For individuals with sickle cell disease, it's crucial to avoid high-altitude areas. The reduced oxygen levels at higher altitudes can worsen sickle cell crises and lead to complications.

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Pain Management in Sickle Cell

Managing pain is a critical aspect of sickle cell care. Prompt and effective pain management helps improve comfort and reduce the risk of complications.

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Hydration in Sickle Cell Disease

Hydration is absolutely essential for individuals with sickle cell disease. It helps to prevent dehydration, a major trigger for sickle cell crises.

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Pre-Operative Assessment in the OR

The operating room (OR) is a sterile environment where surgical procedures are performed. It's crucial to gather comprehensive information from patients before surgery, including allergies, pain management preferences, and smoking history.

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Temperature Management in the OR

Maintaining core body temperature is crucial in the OR, particularly for older patients. Hypothermia can lead to complications and should be prevented.

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Incentive Spirometry Post-Surgery

Incentive spirometry is a breathing exercise that helps expand the lungs and prevent pneumonia and atelectasis (collapsed lung). It is encouraged post-operatively to promote lung health.

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Early Ambulation Post-Surgery

Early ambulation after surgery helps to prevent complications such as blood clots and pneumonia. It's encouraged to promote a speedy and safe recovery.

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of lung diseases that cause airflow obstruction and breathing difficulties.

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Urea Breath Test

A test used to detect Helicobacter pylori bacteria, which is often associated with stomach ulcers. It measures the amount of carbon dioxide released in the breath after the patient swallows a special substance that is broken down by the bacteria.

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Colonoscopy

A medical procedure that allows doctors to view the entire colon using a long, flexible tube with a camera attached. It is recommended every 10 years for routine screenings.

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Sigmoidoscopy

A medical procedure that only examines the lower part of the colon, usually the sigmoid colon. It is recommended every 5 years for routine screenings.

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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

A common condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing heartburn and other discomfort. It is often caused by a weak lower esophageal sphincter.

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Cancer of the Esophagus

A type of cancer that affects the esophagus, the tube that connects the mouth to the stomach. It can be caused by various risk factors, including chronic alcohol and tobacco use and GERD.

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Parenteral Tube Feeding

A type of tube feeding where nutrients are delivered directly into a vein, bypassing the entire digestive tract. This is typically used when the digestive system is not functioning properly.

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Enteral Tube Feeding

A type of tube feeding where nutrients are delivered through a tube directly into the stomach or small intestine. It is commonly used when someone cannot swallow or eat normally.

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Gastronomy Tube

A tube placed directly through the stomach wall to deliver nutrients.

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Jejunostomy Tube

A tube placed directly through the intestine wall to deliver nutrients.

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Tube Placement Confirmation

The process of verifying the correct placement of a tube used for feeding, medications, or other purposes.

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Kidney and Urinary Systems

A system that regulates fluid balance, electrolyte levels, blood pressure, and acid-base balance in the body.

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Stress Urinary Incontinence

Involuntary leakage of urine during activities that increase abdominal pressure, such as coughing or sneezing.

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Urge Urinary Incontinence

A sudden, intense urge to urinate that often results in leakage before reaching the toilet.

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Overflow Urinary Incontinence

Frequent dribbling of urine due to incomplete emptying of the bladder.

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Functional Urinary Incontinence

A type of urinary incontinence where physical or cognitive impairments prevent a person from reaching the toilet in time.

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Creatinine Clearance Test

A test that measures the amount of creatinine in the blood and urine over a 24-hour period, providing information about kidney function.

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Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

An infection of the urinary tract, often caused by bacteria. It can be painful and cause various symptoms, including burning during urination, frequent urination, and blood in the urine.

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Kidney Stones (Urolithiasis) or Urinary Tract Stones (Nephrolithiasis)

Hard deposits, mainly composed of calcium, that form in the kidneys or urinary tract.

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Study Notes

Week 4 - Chapters 28 & 29

  • Blood Transfusions: Obtain consent prior, follow the protocol, nurses assess patient, check allergies, assess vital signs lung sounds, and fluid overload. High gauge IV for blood, normal saline, no dextrose. Sickle cell patients, shape of cell causes issues with blood flow. Blood cultures, sensitivities to pathogens, advise avoiding high altitudes. Pain management and hydration are important.

Week 5 - Chapters 14, 15 & 16

  • Operating Room: Ask patient about surgery, pain management, allergies, smoking, spiritual history, and anything that calms them down. Assess patient vitals, and assess mouth to check for loose teeth. Informed consent and monitoring older patients for hypothermia are important. Warm IV fluids are vital and blood must be readily available - type and cross-matched.

Week 7 - Chapters 19 & 20

  • Pneumonia: Review COPD, bronchitis, and emphysema manifestations. Assess lethargic, tachycardia/tachypnea, increased tactile fremitus, fatigue, and pulmonary issues. Chest percussion important for mucus movement.
  • Emphysema vs Bronchitis: Emphysema (Pink Puffers) - shortness of breath, scant sputum, hyper-inflated lungs, low/flat diaphragm, small heart. Bronchitis (Blue Bloaters) - chronic productive cough, cachexic (thin), rosy skin tone, overweight, copious sputum, normal sized lungs, and ventricular hypertrophy.

Week 8 - Chapter 31

  • Active vs Passive Immunity: Active immunity is from exposure to a pathogen or vaccines, creating antibodies. Passive immunity gives preformed antibodies (e.g. maternal antibodies).

Week 9 - Chapters 21 & 22

  • Hypertension / Angina: Understand untreated long-term effects of hypertension. Patient instructions for precipitating factors of angina and distinguishing between stable and unstable angina (chest pain). Monitor for stable angina, which occur during exertion, and may subside with rest. Unstable angina is chest pain that occurs during periods of rest. Also consider if severe or persistent, patient needs a medical emergency.

Week 10 - Chapters 23 & 25

  • Angina: Ask about provoking factors of angina, recognize geriatric considerations (diminished pain perception), and differentiate between stable and unstable angina (medical emergency. Predictable / activity angina relieved with rest/nitro. Unstable - unpredictable/rest/nitro not helpful, severe, lasting longer than 20 minutes, and untreated can lead to heart attack.)

Week 11 - Chapters 38 & 39 (GI)

  • Digestive/GI Health: Thorough health history, pain characteristics, and stool habits assessment. Diagnoses regarding bleeding (Melena-tarry stool; Hematochezia-bright red). Also, consider the need for additional tests for blood in stool and relevant diagnostic info.

Week 13 - Chapter 47, 49 & 62

  • Kidney & Urinary Systems: Understand the kidneys role in fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance. Address geriatric considerations (decreased kidney function) and risk factors. Assess patients with caution regarding hydration. Patient education, home care, and management should be a priority and include medication education and safety measures.

Week 14 - Chapter 45

  • Endocrine System: Review the roles of hormones in regulating growth, homeostasis, metabolism, and reproduction. Hormones regulate growth, development, and metabolism. Also, focus on negative feedback mechanisms. Understanding of the thyroid gland and T3 / T4 is also critical.

Week 17 - Chapter 16

  • Hyperthyroidism / Graves' disease: Focus on hyperthyroidism, Graves' disease, and signs. Review assessment of patient, and how to respond to a patient who has thyroid issues. Also include appropriate medication, assessment, and treatment procedures, and considerations like patient safety, education, and follow up.

Additional points

  • Nursing : The specific assessments and interventions for patients' issues are critical and vary greatly depending on their individual conditions. Assessments for vital signs, breathing, fluids and other indicators are important to note.
  • Emergency : Understand the need to evaluate and act quickly for patients with stroke or other emergencies. Assess and act according to the specific emergency.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts related to cardiac health and gastrointestinal disorders. This quiz covers topics such as cardiac tamponade, peptic ulcer disease, dietary recommendations for heart failure, and more. It's an excellent resource for medical students or healthcare professionals seeking to refresh their understanding of these crucial areas.

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