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Questions and Answers
What is the first line of defense in acute respiratory distress?
What is the first line of defense in acute respiratory distress?
- Formoterol
- Arformoterol
- Albuterol (correct)
- Metproterenol
Which type of inhaler should never be used for acute treatment?
Which type of inhaler should never be used for acute treatment?
- Formoterol
- Arformoterol
- Metproterenol
- Salmeterol (correct)
What is the main purpose of SABAs like Albuterol?
What is the main purpose of SABAs like Albuterol?
- Maintenance medication
- Treatment for COPD
- Anti-inflammatory medication
- Used in acute respiratory distress (correct)
What effect can occur if short-acting beta inhalers are used too frequently?
What effect can occur if short-acting beta inhalers are used too frequently?
Which of the following is NOT a short-acting beta inhaler for acute episodes?
Which of the following is NOT a short-acting beta inhaler for acute episodes?
What is the maximum daily dose recommended for Salmeterol?
What is the maximum daily dose recommended for Salmeterol?
What is the primary function of Beta-adrenergic agonists in the treatment of pulmonary diseases?
What is the primary function of Beta-adrenergic agonists in the treatment of pulmonary diseases?
Which of the following is NOT an adverse effect associated with Beta-2-adrenergic agonists?
Which of the following is NOT an adverse effect associated with Beta-2-adrenergic agonists?
What is the mechanism of action of anticholinergics in the treatment of pulmonary diseases?
What is the mechanism of action of anticholinergics in the treatment of pulmonary diseases?
Which medication is commonly used to reduce secretions in COPD patients among the anticholinergics mentioned in the text?
Which medication is commonly used to reduce secretions in COPD patients among the anticholinergics mentioned in the text?
What adverse effect is NOT associated with theophylline use as mentioned in the text?
What adverse effect is NOT associated with theophylline use as mentioned in the text?
What is the primary purpose of corticosteroids in the treatment of pulmonary diseases?
What is the primary purpose of corticosteroids in the treatment of pulmonary diseases?
What is the primary indication for inhaled corticosteroids?
What is the primary indication for inhaled corticosteroids?
Which statement about inhaled corticosteroids is accurate?
Which statement about inhaled corticosteroids is accurate?
What is a common adverse effect of sulfonamides?
What is a common adverse effect of sulfonamides?
Which antibiotic group is structurally and pharmacologically related to penicillin?
Which antibiotic group is structurally and pharmacologically related to penicillin?
When should fourth-generation cephalosporins be used?
When should fourth-generation cephalosporins be used?
What should you educate a patient about if they are allergic to penicillin?
What should you educate a patient about if they are allergic to penicillin?
What is the main reason why Carbapenems should be infused over 60 minutes?
What is the main reason why Carbapenems should be infused over 60 minutes?
Which antibiotic is indicated specifically for treating C. difficile-associated diarrhea?
Which antibiotic is indicated specifically for treating C. difficile-associated diarrhea?
Why should tetracycline not be used in children younger than 8 years or pregnant/lactating women?
Why should tetracycline not be used in children younger than 8 years or pregnant/lactating women?
Which class of antibiotics has very poor oral absorption and is primarily used for serious infections?
Which class of antibiotics has very poor oral absorption and is primarily used for serious infections?
Which antibiotic medication is commonly prescribed for complicated urinary tract infections?
Which antibiotic medication is commonly prescribed for complicated urinary tract infections?
Which antibiotic is associated with a black box warning for an increased risk of tendonitis and tendon rupture?
Which antibiotic is associated with a black box warning for an increased risk of tendonitis and tendon rupture?
What is the major adverse effect of Rifapentine in pediatric patients?
What is the major adverse effect of Rifapentine in pediatric patients?
Which drug is used for multidrug-resistant TB and has adverse effects related to OT prolongation and cardiac arrest?
Which drug is used for multidrug-resistant TB and has adverse effects related to OT prolongation and cardiac arrest?
What is the purpose of a PPD test?
What is the purpose of a PPD test?
Which NSAID should be avoided by patients with a sulfa allergy?
Which NSAID should be avoided by patients with a sulfa allergy?
What is the main purpose of Allopurinol?
What is the main purpose of Allopurinol?
What is the common use of Para-aminosalicycle (PAS)?
What is the common use of Para-aminosalicycle (PAS)?
Which of the following is a common adverse effect of opioids?
Which of the following is a common adverse effect of opioids?
What is the primary use of Naloxone (Narcan) in opioid overdose?
What is the primary use of Naloxone (Narcan) in opioid overdose?
What is an important management consideration when administering Morphine Sulfate for severe pain?
What is an important management consideration when administering Morphine Sulfate for severe pain?
What is the primary difference between Acetaminophen and NSAIDs like aspirin?
What is the primary difference between Acetaminophen and NSAIDs like aspirin?
In which patients should opioids be used with extreme caution due to potential complications?
In which patients should opioids be used with extreme caution due to potential complications?
What is the primary indication for using Methadone in opioid addiction treatment?
What is the primary indication for using Methadone in opioid addiction treatment?
Which medication is contraindicated in patients with liver dysfunction or possible liver failure?
Which medication is contraindicated in patients with liver dysfunction or possible liver failure?
'Dyspnea, diminished breath sounds, or shallow breathing' are manifestations of what adverse effect when using opioids?
'Dyspnea, diminished breath sounds, or shallow breathing' are manifestations of what adverse effect when using opioids?
What is the primary function of Beta-adrenergic agonists in the treatment of pulmonary diseases?
What is the primary function of Beta-adrenergic agonists in the treatment of pulmonary diseases?
What is a common adverse effect of Xanthine Derivatives like Theophylline?
What is a common adverse effect of Xanthine Derivatives like Theophylline?
What is the primary indication for using Corticosteroids in the treatment of pulmonary diseases?
What is the primary indication for using Corticosteroids in the treatment of pulmonary diseases?
Which of the following is an adverse effect associated with Beta-2-adrenergic agonists?
Which of the following is an adverse effect associated with Beta-2-adrenergic agonists?
What is the main reason why Theophylline should be taken without caffeine?
What is the main reason why Theophylline should be taken without caffeine?
What is the primary difference between LABAs and SABAs?
What is the primary difference between LABAs and SABAs?
Which medication is NOT listed as a short-acting beta inhaler for acute episodes in the text?
Which medication is NOT listed as a short-acting beta inhaler for acute episodes in the text?
What is the primary function of Albuterol (Ventolin, ProAir) among the short-acting beta inhalers?
What is the primary function of Albuterol (Ventolin, ProAir) among the short-acting beta inhalers?
Which adverse effect can occur if short-acting beta inhalers are used too frequently?
Which adverse effect can occur if short-acting beta inhalers are used too frequently?
What is the primary use of Arformoterol (Brovana) among the long-acting beta agonist inhalers?
What is the primary use of Arformoterol (Brovana) among the long-acting beta agonist inhalers?
Which of the following would be a systemic effect if short-acting beta inhalers are overused?
Which of the following would be a systemic effect if short-acting beta inhalers are overused?
Why should tetracycline not be used in children younger than 8 years or pregnant/lactating women?
Why should tetracycline not be used in children younger than 8 years or pregnant/lactating women?
Which antibiotic group is primarily associated with an increased risk of tendonitis and tendon rupture?
Which antibiotic group is primarily associated with an increased risk of tendonitis and tendon rupture?
What adverse effect is commonly associated with aminoglycosides like Gentamicin and Tobramycin?
What adverse effect is commonly associated with aminoglycosides like Gentamicin and Tobramycin?
Why are Carbapenems like Imipenem/Cilastatin infused over 60 minutes?
Why are Carbapenems like Imipenem/Cilastatin infused over 60 minutes?
What is the primary purpose of using Clindamycin (Cleocin) in medication therapy?
What is the primary purpose of using Clindamycin (Cleocin) in medication therapy?
Why should patients avoid dairy products, antacids, and iron salts while taking tetracycline?
Why should patients avoid dairy products, antacids, and iron salts while taking tetracycline?
What is the primary adverse effect associated with Ethambutol use in pediatric TB patients?
What is the primary adverse effect associated with Ethambutol use in pediatric TB patients?
Which antituberculosis drug is specifically mentioned as causing red-orange discoloration of bodily fluids?
Which antituberculosis drug is specifically mentioned as causing red-orange discoloration of bodily fluids?
What is the primary indication for using Bedaquiline in tuberculosis treatment?
What is the primary indication for using Bedaquiline in tuberculosis treatment?
What is the mechanism of action of Celecoxib in arthritis treatment?
What is the mechanism of action of Celecoxib in arthritis treatment?
Which medication should be avoided by patients with a sulfa allergy among the NSAIDs mentioned?
Which medication should be avoided by patients with a sulfa allergy among the NSAIDs mentioned?
What is the primary purpose of using Allopurinol in gout management?
What is the primary purpose of using Allopurinol in gout management?
What is the primary function of inhaled corticosteroids?
What is the primary function of inhaled corticosteroids?
Which system is NOT listed under the adverse effects of sulfonamides?
Which system is NOT listed under the adverse effects of sulfonamides?
What is the main reason for educating patients to gargle and rinse with lukewarm water after using inhaled corticosteroids?
What is the main reason for educating patients to gargle and rinse with lukewarm water after using inhaled corticosteroids?
Which antibiotic group is commonly used for treating infections caused by susceptible bacteria like Gram-positive bacteria?
Which antibiotic group is commonly used for treating infections caused by susceptible bacteria like Gram-positive bacteria?
When should systemic corticosteroids generally be used in the treatment of asthma?
When should systemic corticosteroids generally be used in the treatment of asthma?
What is a key patient education point for individuals taking Lesinurad?
What is a key patient education point for individuals taking Lesinurad?
Which patients should opioids be used with extreme caution due to potential complications?
Which patients should opioids be used with extreme caution due to potential complications?
What is the primary adverse effect that should be monitored when administering Morphine Sulfate?
What is the primary adverse effect that should be monitored when administering Morphine Sulfate?
Which medication is considered the opioid of choice in the treatment of detoxification for opioid addicts?
Which medication is considered the opioid of choice in the treatment of detoxification for opioid addicts?
What is the most serious adverse effect of opioids that requires continuous monitoring?
What is the most serious adverse effect of opioids that requires continuous monitoring?
Which medication is used to manage overdose in suspected acute opioid overdose cases?
Which medication is used to manage overdose in suspected acute opioid overdose cases?
What is the primary use of Acetaminophen (Tylenol) among the following options?
What is the primary use of Acetaminophen (Tylenol) among the following options?
What is the primary indication for using Opioid drugs as mentioned in the text?
What is the primary indication for using Opioid drugs as mentioned in the text?
Which medication should be avoided by patients with liver dysfunction or possible liver failure?
Which medication should be avoided by patients with liver dysfunction or possible liver failure?
What should be done if a patient experiences severe respiratory depression when taking opioids?
What should be done if a patient experiences severe respiratory depression when taking opioids?
What is the primary function of Short-acting beta inhalers like Albuterol (Ventolin, ProAir) in the treatment of pulmonary diseases?
What is the primary function of Short-acting beta inhalers like Albuterol (Ventolin, ProAir) in the treatment of pulmonary diseases?
What is the primary purpose of Long-acting beta agonist inhalers like Salmeterol (Serevent) in medication therapy?
What is the primary purpose of Long-acting beta agonist inhalers like Salmeterol (Serevent) in medication therapy?
Why should Short-acting beta inhalers like Albuterol (Ventolin, ProAir) NOT be used too frequently according to the text?
Why should Short-acting beta inhalers like Albuterol (Ventolin, ProAir) NOT be used too frequently according to the text?
Which type of Beta-Adrenergic Agonist stimulates both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors?
Which type of Beta-Adrenergic Agonist stimulates both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors?
What is the primary indication for using Xanthine Derivatives like Theophylline?
What is the primary indication for using Xanthine Derivatives like Theophylline?
Which medication should be avoided if a patient is taking Theophylline?
Which medication should be avoided if a patient is taking Theophylline?
What is the mechanism of action of inhaled corticosteroids?
What is the mechanism of action of inhaled corticosteroids?
Which antibiotic group is structurally and pharmacologically related to penicillins?
Which antibiotic group is structurally and pharmacologically related to penicillins?
When should systemic corticosteroids generally be used in the treatment of asthma?
When should systemic corticosteroids generally be used in the treatment of asthma?
Why should tetracycline not be used in children younger than 8 years or pregnant/lactating women?
Why should tetracycline not be used in children younger than 8 years or pregnant/lactating women?
Which antibiotic group is primarily associated with nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity as adverse effects?
Which antibiotic group is primarily associated with nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity as adverse effects?
What is a common adverse effect of polymyxin E (Colistimethate) mentioned in the text?
What is a common adverse effect of polymyxin E (Colistimethate) mentioned in the text?
What is the primary purpose of Rifapentine in the treatment of tuberculosis?
What is the primary purpose of Rifapentine in the treatment of tuberculosis?
Which antibiotic is specifically mentioned to be associated with a black box warning for an increased risk of tendonitis and tendon rupture?
Which antibiotic is specifically mentioned to be associated with a black box warning for an increased risk of tendonitis and tendon rupture?
What is the common use of Para-aminosalicycle (PAS) mentioned in the text?
What is the common use of Para-aminosalicycle (PAS) mentioned in the text?
What is the most common indication for using opioid drugs?
What is the most common indication for using opioid drugs?
Which adverse effect should healthcare providers continuously monitor in patients receiving opioids?
Which adverse effect should healthcare providers continuously monitor in patients receiving opioids?
What is the primary indication for administering Naloxone (Narcan) in opioid overdose?
What is the primary indication for administering Naloxone (Narcan) in opioid overdose?
Which symptom indicates the need for an opioid antagonist due to severe respiratory depression?
Which symptom indicates the need for an opioid antagonist due to severe respiratory depression?
What is the primary role of Acetylcysteine in acetaminophen overdose management?
What is the primary role of Acetylcysteine in acetaminophen overdose management?
Match the medication with its primary use:
Match the medication with its primary use:
Match the adverse effect with the medication:
Match the adverse effect with the medication:
Match the drug category with the contraindication:
Match the drug category with the contraindication:
Match the medication management with the drug overdose:
Match the medication management with the drug overdose:
Match the medication form with its administration route:
Match the medication form with its administration route:
Match the medication indication with its effect:
Match the medication indication with its effect:
Match the medication education with the patient condition:
Match the medication education with the patient condition:
Match the adverse effect management with the symptom:
Match the adverse effect management with the symptom:
Match the medication overdose antidote with its recommended use:
Match the medication overdose antidote with its recommended use:
Match the patient condition with the cautionary note:
Match the patient condition with the cautionary note:
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Study Notes
COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)
- Recurrent and reversible shortness of breath
- Occurs when airways of the lungs become narrow due to bronchospasms, inflammation, edema, and production of viscous mucus
Bronchodilators
- Used to treat COPD and asthma
- Types:
- SABAs (Short-acting beta agonists)
- Used as rescue inhalers for acute episodes
- Examples: Albuterol (Ventolin, ProAir), Levalbuterol (Xopenex), Terbutaline (Brethine), Metproterenol (Alupent)
- LABAs (Long-acting beta agonists)
- Used as maintenance medications
- Examples: Arformoterol (Brovana), Formoterol (Foradil, Perforomist), Salmeterol (Serevent)
- SABAs (Short-acting beta agonists)
- Beta-adrenergic agonists
- End with dilation of the lungs
- Used during acute phase of asthmatic attacks
- Quickly reduce airway constriction and restore normal airflow
- Stimulate adrenergic receptors in the sympathetic nervous system
- Types: Nonselective adrenergics, Nonselective beta-adrenergics, Selective beta-2 drugs
Anticholinergics
- MOA: bind to ACh receptors, preventing ACh binding
- Result: prevention of bronchoconstriction and airway dilation
- Examples: Ipratropium (Atrovent), Tiotropium (Spiriva), Aclidinium (Tudorza)
Xanthine Derivatives
- Only theophylline is used as a bronchodilator
- Decreases cAMP levels, causing smooth muscle relaxation, bronchodilation, and increased airflow
- Also known as Aminophylline
- Indications: dilation of airways in asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema
- Adverse effects: cardiac stimulation, nausea, vomiting, anorexia
Corticosteroids
- Used for chronic asthma
- Do not relieve symptoms of acute asthma attacks
- May be administered IV, orally, or inhaled
- Indications: prevention of bronchospasms associated with chronic bronchitis or emphysema
- Adverse effects: dry mouth, nasal congestion, heart palpitations, GI distress
Antibiotics
- Types:
- Sulfonamides
- Beta-Lactum
- Macrolides
- Tetracyclines
- Aminoglycosides
- Quinolones
- Carbapenems
- Monobactams
- Cephalosporins
- Antitubercular drugs
Antitubercular Drugs
- First-line drugs: Isoniazid (INH), Rifapentine, Ethambutol, Rifabutin, Pyrazinamide
- Second-line drugs: Bedaquiline, Pretomanid, Capreomycin, Cycloserine, Levofloxacin, Ethionamide, Oflaxacin, Kanamycin, Para-aminosalicylate (PAS)
- INH: primary drug used, metabolized through the liver, contraindicated for patients with liver disease
NSAIDs
- Used for pain relief, mild to moderate headaches, myalgia, neuralgia, arthralgia, treatment of gout and hyperuricemia
- Types:
- Acetic acid derivatives
- Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors
- Enolic acid derivatives
- Propionic acid derivatives
- Aspirin
- Contraindications: known drug allergy, peptic ulcers, vitamin K deficiency
Antigout
- Allopurinol: prevents uric acid production, used to prevent acute tumor lysis syndrome
- Febuxostat: prevents uric acid production
- Colchicine: used for short-term management of gout
- Probenecid: inhibits reabsorption of uric acid in the kidneys, increasing excretion of uric acid
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