pharmacology test 2
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Questions and Answers

What is the first line of defense in acute respiratory distress?

  • Formoterol
  • Arformoterol
  • Albuterol (correct)
  • Metproterenol

    • Which type of inhaler should never be used for acute treatment?

  • Formoterol
  • Arformoterol
  • Metproterenol
  • Salmeterol (correct)

    • What is the main purpose of SABAs like Albuterol?

  • Maintenance medication
  • Treatment for COPD
  • Anti-inflammatory medication
  • Used in acute respiratory distress (correct)

    • What effect can occur if short-acting beta inhalers are used too frequently?

    <p>Increased systemic effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a short-acting beta inhaler for acute episodes?

    <p>Arformoterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum daily dose recommended for Salmeterol?

    <p>One puff twice daily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Beta-adrenergic agonists in the treatment of pulmonary diseases?

    <p>Restoration of normal airflow by bronchodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an adverse effect associated with Beta-2-adrenergic agonists?

    <p>Insomnia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of anticholinergics in the treatment of pulmonary diseases?

    <p>Prevent ACh binding leading to bronchoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is commonly used to reduce secretions in COPD patients among the anticholinergics mentioned in the text?

    <p>Ipratropium (Atrovent)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adverse effect is NOT associated with theophylline use as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Increased blood flow to the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of corticosteroids in the treatment of pulmonary diseases?

    <p>Anti-inflammatory effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for inhaled corticosteroids?

    <p>Control inflammatory responses in bronchospastic disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about inhaled corticosteroids is accurate?

    <p>They reduce systemic effects compared to oral or IV forms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of sulfonamides?

    <p>Blood system-Hemolytic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic group is structurally and pharmacologically related to penicillin?

    <p>Cephalosporins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should fourth-generation cephalosporins be used?

    <p>Treatment of uncomplicated UTIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you educate a patient about if they are allergic to penicillin?

    <p>They are also allergic to cephalosporins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why Carbapenems should be infused over 60 minutes?

    <p>To avoid drug-induced seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic is indicated specifically for treating C. difficile-associated diarrhea?

    <p>Fidaxomicin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should tetracycline not be used in children younger than 8 years or pregnant/lactating women?

    <p>It causes discoloration of teeth due to calcium binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antibiotics has very poor oral absorption and is primarily used for serious infections?

    <p>Aminoglycosides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic medication is commonly prescribed for complicated urinary tract infections?

    <p>Ciprofloxacin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic is associated with a black box warning for an increased risk of tendonitis and tendon rupture?

    <p>Moxifloxacin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major adverse effect of Rifapentine in pediatric patients?

    <p>Optic neuritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is used for multidrug-resistant TB and has adverse effects related to OT prolongation and cardiac arrest?

    <p>Bedaquiline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a PPD test?

    <p>To detect exposure to the TB organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which NSAID should be avoided by patients with a sulfa allergy?

    <p>Celecoxib</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of Allopurinol?

    <p>Prevention of uric acid production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common use of Para-aminosalicycle (PAS)?

    <p>TB infection treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common adverse effect of opioids?

    <p>Respiratory depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of Naloxone (Narcan) in opioid overdose?

    <p>Respiratory depression reversal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important management consideration when administering Morphine Sulfate for severe pain?

    <p>Monitor for respiratory depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between Acetaminophen and NSAIDs like aspirin?

    <p>Anti-inflammatory effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which patients should opioids be used with extreme caution due to potential complications?

    <p>Patients with morbid obesity or sleep apnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for using Methadone in opioid addiction treatment?

    <p>Detoxification of opioid addicts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is contraindicated in patients with liver dysfunction or possible liver failure?

    <p>Acetaminophen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Dyspnea, diminished breath sounds, or shallow breathing' are manifestations of what adverse effect when using opioids?

    <p><strong>Respiratory depression</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Beta-adrenergic agonists in the treatment of pulmonary diseases?

    <p>Prevent bronchoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of Xanthine Derivatives like Theophylline?

    <p>Dry mouth or throat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for using Corticosteroids in the treatment of pulmonary diseases?

    <p>Anti-inflammatory effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an adverse effect associated with Beta-2-adrenergic agonists?

    <p>Hyperglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why Theophylline should be taken without caffeine?

    <p>To avoid drug interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between LABAs and SABAs?

    <p>Frequency of use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is NOT listed as a short-acting beta inhaler for acute episodes in the text?

    <p>Ipratropium (Atrovent)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Albuterol (Ventolin, ProAir) among the short-acting beta inhalers?

    <p>First line of defense in acute respiratory distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adverse effect can occur if short-acting beta inhalers are used too frequently?

    <p>Tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of Arformoterol (Brovana) among the long-acting beta agonist inhalers?

    <p>Maintenance medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following would be a systemic effect if short-acting beta inhalers are overused?

    <p>Arrhythmias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should tetracycline not be used in children younger than 8 years or pregnant/lactating women?

    <p>To avoid tooth discoloration caused by binding to calcium in teeth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic group is primarily associated with an increased risk of tendonitis and tendon rupture?

    <p>Quinolones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adverse effect is commonly associated with aminoglycosides like Gentamicin and Tobramycin?

    <p>Nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are Carbapenems like Imipenem/Cilastatin infused over 60 minutes?

    <p>Due to the risk of drug-induced seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using Clindamycin (Cleocin) in medication therapy?

    <p>Managing chronic bone infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should patients avoid dairy products, antacids, and iron salts while taking tetracycline?

    <p>To prevent a decrease in drug absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary adverse effect associated with Ethambutol use in pediatric TB patients?

    <p>Optic neuritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antituberculosis drug is specifically mentioned as causing red-orange discoloration of bodily fluids?

    <p>Rifampin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for using Bedaquiline in tuberculosis treatment?

    <p>Multidrug-resistant TB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of Celecoxib in arthritis treatment?

    <p>Blocks COX-2 receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication should be avoided by patients with a sulfa allergy among the NSAIDs mentioned?

    <p>Indomethacin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using Allopurinol in gout management?

    <p>Prevents uric acid production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of inhaled corticosteroids?

    <p>To control the inflammatory responses believed to cause bronchospastic disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is NOT listed under the adverse effects of sulfonamides?

    <p>Respiratory system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for educating patients to gargle and rinse with lukewarm water after using inhaled corticosteroids?

    <p>To prevent oral fungal infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic group is commonly used for treating infections caused by susceptible bacteria like Gram-positive bacteria?

    <p>Beta-Lactam Antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should systemic corticosteroids generally be used in the treatment of asthma?

    <p>For acute exacerbations or severe asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key patient education point for individuals taking Lesinurad?

    <p>Drink at least 2 liters of fluid daily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which patients should opioids be used with extreme caution due to potential complications?

    <p>Patients with respiratory insufficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary adverse effect that should be monitored when administering Morphine Sulfate?

    <p>Respiratory depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is considered the opioid of choice in the treatment of detoxification for opioid addicts?

    <p>Methadone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most serious adverse effect of opioids that requires continuous monitoring?

    <p>CNS depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is used to manage overdose in suspected acute opioid overdose cases?

    <p>Naloxone (Narcan)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of Acetaminophen (Tylenol) among the following options?

    <p>Analgesic and antipyretic effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for using Opioid drugs as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Alleviate moderate to severe pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication should be avoided by patients with liver dysfunction or possible liver failure?

    <p>Acetaminophen (Tylenol)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if a patient experiences severe respiratory depression when taking opioids?

    <p>Use an opioid antagonist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Short-acting beta inhalers like Albuterol (Ventolin, ProAir) in the treatment of pulmonary diseases?

    <p>To relieve acute episodes of respiratory distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Long-acting beta agonist inhalers like Salmeterol (Serevent) in medication therapy?

    <p>To act as maintenance medications for long-term control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should Short-acting beta inhalers like Albuterol (Ventolin, ProAir) NOT be used too frequently according to the text?

    <p>To avoid increasing systemic effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of Beta-Adrenergic Agonist stimulates both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors?

    <p>Metaproterenol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for using Xanthine Derivatives like Theophylline?

    <p>Prevention of bronchospasms associated with chronic bronchitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication should be avoided if a patient is taking Theophylline?

    <p>Caffeine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of inhaled corticosteroids?

    <p>Reduce inflammation and enhance the activity of beta agonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic group is structurally and pharmacologically related to penicillins?

    <p>Cephalosporins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should systemic corticosteroids generally be used in the treatment of asthma?

    <p>For acute exacerbations of asthma or COPD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should tetracycline not be used in children younger than 8 years or pregnant/lactating women?

    <p>It causes discoloration of teeth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic group is primarily associated with nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity as adverse effects?

    <p>Aminoglycosides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of polymyxin E (Colistimethate) mentioned in the text?

    <p>Ototoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Rifapentine in the treatment of tuberculosis?

    <p>To reduce cough and infectiousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic is specifically mentioned to be associated with a black box warning for an increased risk of tendonitis and tendon rupture?

    <p>Levofloxacin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common use of Para-aminosalicycle (PAS) mentioned in the text?

    <p>Treatment of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common indication for using opioid drugs?

    <p>Chronic pain management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adverse effect should healthcare providers continuously monitor in patients receiving opioids?

    <p>Respiratory depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for administering Naloxone (Narcan) in opioid overdose?

    <p>Reversing opioid-induced respiratory depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom indicates the need for an opioid antagonist due to severe respiratory depression?

    <p>Diminished breath sounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Acetylcysteine in acetaminophen overdose management?

    <p>Counteract hepatic necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the medication with its primary use:

    <p>Lesinurad = Good renal function Sulfinpyrazone = Gout Naloxone (Narcan) = Opioid overdose Methadone = Detoxification for opioid addicts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the adverse effect with the medication:

    <p>Nausea and vomiting = Opioid drugs Urinary retention = Opioid drugs Constipation = Morphine Sulfate Diarrhea = Acetaminophen (Tylenol)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the drug category with the contraindication:

    <p>Opioid drugs = Known drug allergy Nonopioid Analgesics = Liver dysfunction Morphine Sulfate = Respiratory insufficiency Acetaminophen (Tylenol) = Alcohol consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the medication management with the drug overdose:

    <p>Naloxone (Narcan) = Acute opioid overdose Naltrexone = Alcohol and opioid addiction Acetylcysteine regimen = Acetaminophen overdose Methadone = Detoxification for opioid addicts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the medication form with its administration route:

    <p>Morphine Sulfate = Oral, injectable, rectal, extended-release forms Acetaminophen (Tylenol) = Oral Naloxone (Narcan) = Oral form Lesinurad = Drink at least 2 liters of fluid a day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the medication indication with its effect:

    <p>Morphine Sulfate = Severe pain Acetaminophen (Tylenol) = Fever Lesinurad = Good renal function Sulfinpyrazone = Gout</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the medication education with the patient condition:

    <p>Opioid drugs = Short-term use for gout Acetaminophen (Tylenol) = Slower motions to avoid orthostatic hypotension Methadone = Dangle feet on edge of bed when getting up Naloxone (Narcan) = Contact physician if vital signs change or pain continues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the adverse effect management with the symptom:

    <p>CNS depression monitoring = $&lt;10$ breaths/minute respiratory rate Acetylcysteine regimen recommendation = $&lt;300$mg/day daily dose for healthy adults Nausea and vomiting handling = $&lt;10$ breaths/minute respiratory rate Naloxone (Narcan) use = $&lt;10$ breaths/minute respiratory rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the medication overdose antidote with its recommended use:

    <p>Acetylcysteine regimen = Acetaminophen overdose Naloxone (Narcan) = Opioid-induced respiratory depression Methadone = Detoxification for opioid addicts Naltrexone = Alcohol and opioid addiction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the patient condition with the cautionary note:

    <p>Respiratory insufficiency = Use extreme caution in patients Elevated intracranial pressure = Check continuously on patient for pain relief Morbid obesity or sleep apnea = Use extreme caution in patients Paralytic ileus Adverse Effects = Check continuously on patient for pain relief</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)

    • Recurrent and reversible shortness of breath
    • Occurs when airways of the lungs become narrow due to bronchospasms, inflammation, edema, and production of viscous mucus

    Bronchodilators

    • Used to treat COPD and asthma
    • Types:
      • SABAs (Short-acting beta agonists)
        • Used as rescue inhalers for acute episodes
        • Examples: Albuterol (Ventolin, ProAir), Levalbuterol (Xopenex), Terbutaline (Brethine), Metproterenol (Alupent)
      • LABAs (Long-acting beta agonists)
        • Used as maintenance medications
        • Examples: Arformoterol (Brovana), Formoterol (Foradil, Perforomist), Salmeterol (Serevent)
    • Beta-adrenergic agonists
      • End with dilation of the lungs
      • Used during acute phase of asthmatic attacks
      • Quickly reduce airway constriction and restore normal airflow
      • Stimulate adrenergic receptors in the sympathetic nervous system
      • Types: Nonselective adrenergics, Nonselective beta-adrenergics, Selective beta-2 drugs

    Anticholinergics

    • MOA: bind to ACh receptors, preventing ACh binding
    • Result: prevention of bronchoconstriction and airway dilation
    • Examples: Ipratropium (Atrovent), Tiotropium (Spiriva), Aclidinium (Tudorza)

    Xanthine Derivatives

    • Only theophylline is used as a bronchodilator
    • Decreases cAMP levels, causing smooth muscle relaxation, bronchodilation, and increased airflow
    • Also known as Aminophylline
    • Indications: dilation of airways in asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema
    • Adverse effects: cardiac stimulation, nausea, vomiting, anorexia

    Corticosteroids

    • Used for chronic asthma
    • Do not relieve symptoms of acute asthma attacks
    • May be administered IV, orally, or inhaled
    • Indications: prevention of bronchospasms associated with chronic bronchitis or emphysema
    • Adverse effects: dry mouth, nasal congestion, heart palpitations, GI distress

    Antibiotics

    • Types:
      • Sulfonamides
      • Beta-Lactum
      • Macrolides
      • Tetracyclines
      • Aminoglycosides
      • Quinolones
      • Carbapenems
      • Monobactams
      • Cephalosporins
      • Antitubercular drugs

    Antitubercular Drugs

    • First-line drugs: Isoniazid (INH), Rifapentine, Ethambutol, Rifabutin, Pyrazinamide
    • Second-line drugs: Bedaquiline, Pretomanid, Capreomycin, Cycloserine, Levofloxacin, Ethionamide, Oflaxacin, Kanamycin, Para-aminosalicylate (PAS)
    • INH: primary drug used, metabolized through the liver, contraindicated for patients with liver disease

    NSAIDs

    • Used for pain relief, mild to moderate headaches, myalgia, neuralgia, arthralgia, treatment of gout and hyperuricemia
    • Types:
      • Acetic acid derivatives
      • Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors
      • Enolic acid derivatives
      • Propionic acid derivatives
      • Aspirin
    • Contraindications: known drug allergy, peptic ulcers, vitamin K deficiency

    Antigout

    • Allopurinol: prevents uric acid production, used to prevent acute tumor lysis syndrome
    • Febuxostat: prevents uric acid production
    • Colchicine: used for short-term management of gout
    • Probenecid: inhibits reabsorption of uric acid in the kidneys, increasing excretion of uric acid

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