pharmacology test 2

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Questions and Answers

What is the first line of defense in acute respiratory distress?

Formoterol

Arformoterol

Albuterol (correct)

Metproterenol

Which type of inhaler should never be used for acute treatment?

Formoterol

Arformoterol

Metproterenol

Salmeterol (correct)

What is the main purpose of SABAs like Albuterol?

Maintenance medication

Treatment for COPD

Anti-inflammatory medication

Used in acute respiratory distress (correct)

What effect can occur if short-acting beta inhalers are used too frequently?

Increased systemic effects Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a short-acting beta inhaler for acute episodes?

Arformoterol Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum daily dose recommended for Salmeterol?

One puff twice daily Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Beta-adrenergic agonists in the treatment of pulmonary diseases?

Restoration of normal airflow by bronchodilation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an adverse effect associated with Beta-2-adrenergic agonists?

Insomnia Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of anticholinergics in the treatment of pulmonary diseases?

Prevent ACh binding leading to bronchoconstriction Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is commonly used to reduce secretions in COPD patients among the anticholinergics mentioned in the text?

Ipratropium (Atrovent) Signup and view all the answers

What adverse effect is NOT associated with theophylline use as mentioned in the text?

Increased blood flow to the kidneys Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of corticosteroids in the treatment of pulmonary diseases?

Anti-inflammatory effects Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary indication for inhaled corticosteroids?

Control inflammatory responses in bronchospastic disorders Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about inhaled corticosteroids is accurate?

They reduce systemic effects compared to oral or IV forms Signup and view all the answers

What is a common adverse effect of sulfonamides?

Blood system-Hemolytic anemia Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic group is structurally and pharmacologically related to penicillin?

Cephalosporins Signup and view all the answers

When should fourth-generation cephalosporins be used?

Treatment of uncomplicated UTIs Signup and view all the answers

What should you educate a patient about if they are allergic to penicillin?

They are also allergic to cephalosporins Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why Carbapenems should be infused over 60 minutes?

To avoid drug-induced seizures Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic is indicated specifically for treating C. difficile-associated diarrhea?

Fidaxomicin Signup and view all the answers

Why should tetracycline not be used in children younger than 8 years or pregnant/lactating women?

It causes discoloration of teeth due to calcium binding Signup and view all the answers

Which class of antibiotics has very poor oral absorption and is primarily used for serious infections?

Aminoglycosides Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic medication is commonly prescribed for complicated urinary tract infections?

Ciprofloxacin Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic is associated with a black box warning for an increased risk of tendonitis and tendon rupture?

Moxifloxacin Signup and view all the answers

What is the major adverse effect of Rifapentine in pediatric patients?

Optic neuritis Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is used for multidrug-resistant TB and has adverse effects related to OT prolongation and cardiac arrest?

Bedaquiline Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a PPD test?

To detect exposure to the TB organism Signup and view all the answers

Which NSAID should be avoided by patients with a sulfa allergy?

Celecoxib Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of Allopurinol?

Prevention of uric acid production Signup and view all the answers

What is the common use of Para-aminosalicycle (PAS)?

TB infection treatment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common adverse effect of opioids?

Respiratory depression Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of Naloxone (Narcan) in opioid overdose?

Respiratory depression reversal Signup and view all the answers

What is an important management consideration when administering Morphine Sulfate for severe pain?

Monitor for respiratory depression Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between Acetaminophen and NSAIDs like aspirin?

Anti-inflammatory effects Signup and view all the answers

In which patients should opioids be used with extreme caution due to potential complications?

Patients with morbid obesity or sleep apnea Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary indication for using Methadone in opioid addiction treatment?

Detoxification of opioid addicts Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is contraindicated in patients with liver dysfunction or possible liver failure?

Acetaminophen Signup and view all the answers

'Dyspnea, diminished breath sounds, or shallow breathing' are manifestations of what adverse effect when using opioids?

Respiratory depression Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Beta-adrenergic agonists in the treatment of pulmonary diseases?

Prevent bronchoconstriction Signup and view all the answers

What is a common adverse effect of Xanthine Derivatives like Theophylline?

Dry mouth or throat Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary indication for using Corticosteroids in the treatment of pulmonary diseases?

Anti-inflammatory effects Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an adverse effect associated with Beta-2-adrenergic agonists?

Hyperglycemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why Theophylline should be taken without caffeine?

To avoid drug interactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between LABAs and SABAs?

Frequency of use Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is NOT listed as a short-acting beta inhaler for acute episodes in the text?

Ipratropium (Atrovent) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Albuterol (Ventolin, ProAir) among the short-acting beta inhalers?

First line of defense in acute respiratory distress Signup and view all the answers

Which adverse effect can occur if short-acting beta inhalers are used too frequently?

Tachycardia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of Arformoterol (Brovana) among the long-acting beta agonist inhalers?

Maintenance medication Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would be a systemic effect if short-acting beta inhalers are overused?

Arrhythmias Signup and view all the answers

Why should tetracycline not be used in children younger than 8 years or pregnant/lactating women?

To avoid tooth discoloration caused by binding to calcium in teeth Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic group is primarily associated with an increased risk of tendonitis and tendon rupture?

Quinolones Signup and view all the answers

What adverse effect is commonly associated with aminoglycosides like Gentamicin and Tobramycin?

Nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity Signup and view all the answers

Why are Carbapenems like Imipenem/Cilastatin infused over 60 minutes?

Due to the risk of drug-induced seizures Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using Clindamycin (Cleocin) in medication therapy?

Managing chronic bone infections Signup and view all the answers

Why should patients avoid dairy products, antacids, and iron salts while taking tetracycline?

To prevent a decrease in drug absorption Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary adverse effect associated with Ethambutol use in pediatric TB patients?

Optic neuritis Signup and view all the answers

Which antituberculosis drug is specifically mentioned as causing red-orange discoloration of bodily fluids?

Rifampin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary indication for using Bedaquiline in tuberculosis treatment?

Multidrug-resistant TB Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Celecoxib in arthritis treatment?

Blocks COX-2 receptor Signup and view all the answers

Which medication should be avoided by patients with a sulfa allergy among the NSAIDs mentioned?

Indomethacin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using Allopurinol in gout management?

Prevents uric acid production Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of inhaled corticosteroids?

To control the inflammatory responses believed to cause bronchospastic disorders Signup and view all the answers

Which system is NOT listed under the adverse effects of sulfonamides?

Respiratory system Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for educating patients to gargle and rinse with lukewarm water after using inhaled corticosteroids?

To prevent oral fungal infections Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic group is commonly used for treating infections caused by susceptible bacteria like Gram-positive bacteria?

Beta-Lactam Antibiotics Signup and view all the answers

When should systemic corticosteroids generally be used in the treatment of asthma?

For acute exacerbations or severe asthma Signup and view all the answers

What is a key patient education point for individuals taking Lesinurad?

Drink at least 2 liters of fluid daily Signup and view all the answers

Which patients should opioids be used with extreme caution due to potential complications?

Patients with respiratory insufficiency Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary adverse effect that should be monitored when administering Morphine Sulfate?

Respiratory depression Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is considered the opioid of choice in the treatment of detoxification for opioid addicts?

Methadone Signup and view all the answers

What is the most serious adverse effect of opioids that requires continuous monitoring?

CNS depression Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is used to manage overdose in suspected acute opioid overdose cases?

Naloxone (Narcan) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of Acetaminophen (Tylenol) among the following options?

Analgesic and antipyretic effects Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary indication for using Opioid drugs as mentioned in the text?

Alleviate moderate to severe pain Signup and view all the answers

Which medication should be avoided by patients with liver dysfunction or possible liver failure?

Acetaminophen (Tylenol) Signup and view all the answers

What should be done if a patient experiences severe respiratory depression when taking opioids?

Use an opioid antagonist Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Short-acting beta inhalers like Albuterol (Ventolin, ProAir) in the treatment of pulmonary diseases?

To relieve acute episodes of respiratory distress Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of Long-acting beta agonist inhalers like Salmeterol (Serevent) in medication therapy?

To act as maintenance medications for long-term control Signup and view all the answers

Why should Short-acting beta inhalers like Albuterol (Ventolin, ProAir) NOT be used too frequently according to the text?

To avoid increasing systemic effects Signup and view all the answers

Which type of Beta-Adrenergic Agonist stimulates both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors?

Metaproterenol Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary indication for using Xanthine Derivatives like Theophylline?

Prevention of bronchospasms associated with chronic bronchitis Signup and view all the answers

Which medication should be avoided if a patient is taking Theophylline?

Caffeine Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of inhaled corticosteroids?

Reduce inflammation and enhance the activity of beta agonists Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic group is structurally and pharmacologically related to penicillins?

Cephalosporins Signup and view all the answers

When should systemic corticosteroids generally be used in the treatment of asthma?

For acute exacerbations of asthma or COPD Signup and view all the answers

Why should tetracycline not be used in children younger than 8 years or pregnant/lactating women?

It causes discoloration of teeth Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic group is primarily associated with nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity as adverse effects?

Aminoglycosides Signup and view all the answers

What is a common adverse effect of polymyxin E (Colistimethate) mentioned in the text?

Ototoxicity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of Rifapentine in the treatment of tuberculosis?

To reduce cough and infectiousness Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic is specifically mentioned to be associated with a black box warning for an increased risk of tendonitis and tendon rupture?

Levofloxacin Signup and view all the answers

What is the common use of Para-aminosalicycle (PAS) mentioned in the text?

Treatment of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common indication for using opioid drugs?

Chronic pain management Signup and view all the answers

Which adverse effect should healthcare providers continuously monitor in patients receiving opioids?

Respiratory depression Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary indication for administering Naloxone (Narcan) in opioid overdose?

Reversing opioid-induced respiratory depression Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom indicates the need for an opioid antagonist due to severe respiratory depression?

Diminished breath sounds Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of Acetylcysteine in acetaminophen overdose management?

Counteract hepatic necrosis Signup and view all the answers

Match the medication with its primary use:

Lesinurad = Good renal function Sulfinpyrazone = Gout Naloxone (Narcan) = Opioid overdose Methadone = Detoxification for opioid addicts Signup and view all the answers

Match the adverse effect with the medication:

Nausea and vomiting = Opioid drugs Urinary retention = Opioid drugs Constipation = Morphine Sulfate Diarrhea = Acetaminophen (Tylenol) Signup and view all the answers

Match the drug category with the contraindication:

Opioid drugs = Known drug allergy Nonopioid Analgesics = Liver dysfunction Morphine Sulfate = Respiratory insufficiency Acetaminophen (Tylenol) = Alcohol consumption Signup and view all the answers

Match the medication management with the drug overdose:

Naloxone (Narcan) = Acute opioid overdose Naltrexone = Alcohol and opioid addiction Acetylcysteine regimen = Acetaminophen overdose Methadone = Detoxification for opioid addicts Signup and view all the answers

Match the medication form with its administration route:

Morphine Sulfate = Oral, injectable, rectal, extended-release forms Acetaminophen (Tylenol) = Oral Naloxone (Narcan) = Oral form Lesinurad = Drink at least 2 liters of fluid a day Signup and view all the answers

Match the medication indication with its effect:

Morphine Sulfate = Severe pain Acetaminophen (Tylenol) = Fever Lesinurad = Good renal function Sulfinpyrazone = Gout Signup and view all the answers

Match the medication education with the patient condition:

Opioid drugs = Short-term use for gout Acetaminophen (Tylenol) = Slower motions to avoid orthostatic hypotension Methadone = Dangle feet on edge of bed when getting up Naloxone (Narcan) = Contact physician if vital signs change or pain continues Signup and view all the answers

Match the adverse effect management with the symptom:

CNS depression monitoring = $<10$ breaths/minute respiratory rate Acetylcysteine regimen recommendation = $<300$mg/day daily dose for healthy adults Nausea and vomiting handling = $<10$ breaths/minute respiratory rate Naloxone (Narcan) use = $<10$ breaths/minute respiratory rate Signup and view all the answers

Match the medication overdose antidote with its recommended use:

Acetylcysteine regimen = Acetaminophen overdose Naloxone (Narcan) = Opioid-induced respiratory depression Methadone = Detoxification for opioid addicts Naltrexone = Alcohol and opioid addiction Signup and view all the answers

Match the patient condition with the cautionary note:

Respiratory insufficiency = Use extreme caution in patients Elevated intracranial pressure = Check continuously on patient for pain relief Morbid obesity or sleep apnea = Use extreme caution in patients Paralytic ileus Adverse Effects = Check continuously on patient for pain relief Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)

Recurrent and reversible shortness of breath
Occurs when airways of the lungs become narrow due to bronchospasms, inflammation, edema, and production of viscous mucus

Bronchodilators

Used to treat COPD and asthma
Types:
- SABAs (Short-acting beta agonists)
  - Used as rescue inhalers for acute episodes
  - Examples: Albuterol (Ventolin, ProAir), Levalbuterol (Xopenex), Terbutaline (Brethine), Metproterenol (Alupent)
- LABAs (Long-acting beta agonists)
  - Used as maintenance medications
  - Examples: Arformoterol (Brovana), Formoterol (Foradil, Perforomist), Salmeterol (Serevent)
Beta-adrenergic agonists
- End with dilation of the lungs
- Used during acute phase of asthmatic attacks
- Quickly reduce airway constriction and restore normal airflow
- Stimulate adrenergic receptors in the sympathetic nervous system
- Types: Nonselective adrenergics, Nonselective beta-adrenergics, Selective beta-2 drugs

Anticholinergics

MOA: bind to ACh receptors, preventing ACh binding
Result: prevention of bronchoconstriction and airway dilation
Examples: Ipratropium (Atrovent), Tiotropium (Spiriva), Aclidinium (Tudorza)

Xanthine Derivatives

Only theophylline is used as a bronchodilator
Decreases cAMP levels, causing smooth muscle relaxation, bronchodilation, and increased airflow
Also known as Aminophylline
Indications: dilation of airways in asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema
Adverse effects: cardiac stimulation, nausea, vomiting, anorexia

Corticosteroids

Used for chronic asthma
Do not relieve symptoms of acute asthma attacks
May be administered IV, orally, or inhaled
Indications: prevention of bronchospasms associated with chronic bronchitis or emphysema
Adverse effects: dry mouth, nasal congestion, heart palpitations, GI distress

Antibiotics

Types:
- Sulfonamides
- Beta-Lactum
- Macrolides
- Tetracyclines
- Aminoglycosides
- Quinolones
- Carbapenems
- Monobactams
- Cephalosporins
- Antitubercular drugs

Antitubercular Drugs

First-line drugs: Isoniazid (INH), Rifapentine, Ethambutol, Rifabutin, Pyrazinamide
Second-line drugs: Bedaquiline, Pretomanid, Capreomycin, Cycloserine, Levofloxacin, Ethionamide, Oflaxacin, Kanamycin, Para-aminosalicylate (PAS)
INH: primary drug used, metabolized through the liver, contraindicated for patients with liver disease

NSAIDs

Used for pain relief, mild to moderate headaches, myalgia, neuralgia, arthralgia, treatment of gout and hyperuricemia
Types:
- Acetic acid derivatives
- Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors
- Enolic acid derivatives
- Propionic acid derivatives
- Aspirin
Contraindications: known drug allergy, peptic ulcers, vitamin K deficiency

Antigout

Allopurinol: prevents uric acid production, used to prevent acute tumor lysis syndrome
Febuxostat: prevents uric acid production
Colchicine: used for short-term management of gout
Probenecid: inhibits reabsorption of uric acid in the kidneys, increasing excretion of uric acid

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Test your knowledge on Carbapenems and Macrolides medications used in complicated body cavity and connective tissue infections. Learn about the infusion requirements, possible adverse effects, and medication names such as Imipenem/Cilastatin, Meropenem, Ertapenem, Doripenem, Erythromycin, Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, and Fidaxomicin.