Canine Skin Conditions Overview
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Canine Skin Conditions Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is a common consequence of forcing impacted hairs to rupture from a callus?

  • Cellulitis and scarring (correct)
  • Enhanced healing of the callus
  • Immediate relief of symptoms
  • Increased keratin production

    • Which breed is most typically associated with sternal plaques caused by chronic pressure?

  • Bulldog
  • Dachshund (correct)
  • Golden Retriever
  • Beagle

    • What are the cystic structures in a callus primarily filled with?

  • Sebum and hair follicles
  • Bacteria and pus
  • Blood and tissue fluids
  • Keratin debris (correct)

    • What is characterized by thickened skin and alopecic areas, especially in short-coated dogs?

    <p>Callus formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the hair follicles in a dog with a chronic callus?

    <p>They become obstructed and filled with keratin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated if a callus appears with ulceration and embedded hairs?

    <p>Extreme focal pressure and secondary infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complicates hair exudation from calluses in dogs?

    <p>Impacted hair shafts within follicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential outcome of chronic pressure that leads to callous formation?

    <p>Decubital ulcers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most effective treatment for vitamin A-responsive dermatosis?

    <p>High doses of vitamin A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed is most commonly affected by vitamin A-responsive dermatosis?

    <p>American Cocker Spaniels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What skin condition is commonly associated with vitamin A-responsive dermatosis?

    <p>Ceruminous otitis externa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable clinical feature of vitamin A-responsive dermatosis?

    <p>Marked follicular plugging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of food should dogs with vitamin A-responsive dermatosis be fed?

    <p>Commercially balanced dog food meeting AAFCO requirements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What maintenance therapy may be required for dogs with vitamin A-responsive dermatosis?

    <p>Periodic retreatments or long-term low-dose therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT typically associated with vitamin A-responsive dermatosis?

    <p>Increased appetite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended bathing frequency for symptomatic control of seborrhea during treatment of vitamin A-responsive dermatosis?

    <p>Every 1 to 2 weeks after initial improvement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appropriate initial treatment frequency for mild scaly lesions on the nose?

    <p>Every 12 hours until satisfactory response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a differential for nasal hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Mange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for the long-term daily dosing of oral prednisone in treatment?

    <p>To prevent relapse and maintain control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which histopathological finding is associated with skin lesions in hypersensitive cases?

    <p>Marked parakeratosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of using immunosuppressive doses of prednisone?

    <p>Increased risk of infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prognosis for cure in cases of severe nasal hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Poor with routine symptomatic therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done first in the diagnostic process for nasal hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Rule out other differentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes dermatohistopathology in cases of parasympathetic nasal hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended frequency for administering multimodal therapy or ear cleaner to control cerumen accumulation?

    <p>Every 1 to 7 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an adjunct therapy that may be helpful for skin conditions?

    <p>Oral fatty acid supplementation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical expected timeline for improvement after administering antiseborrheic shampoos?

    <p>2 to 3 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When treating seborrhea with systemic corticosteroids, how long is the initial treatment period before tapering?

    <p>2 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be closely monitored during the treatment with calcitriol?

    <p>Serum calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical dosage of Vitamin A recommended for dogs based on their weight?

    <p>8000 to 10,000 IU per 20 lb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prognosis for dogs affected by canine primary seborrhea?

    <p>Lifelong therapy is required for control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which potential side effect should be considered with long-term steroid therapy?

    <p>Recurrent skin and ear infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which serum biochemistry finding is commonly observed in liver failure?

    <p>Increased serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of administration for the amino acid solution used in treating liver failure?

    <p>Intravenous (IV) administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following treatments may help improve skin lesions associated with liver failure?

    <p>Symptomatic topical therapies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by a distinctive vacuolar hepatopathy during histopathology?

    <p>Chronic liver disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following findings indicates possible chronic liver disease observed via abdominal ultrasonography?

    <p>Small liver with a honeycombed pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elevated serum glucagon concentrations can be seen in which condition?

    <p>Glucagonoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition may occur in dogs after the use of glucocorticoids for treating liver failure?

    <p>Diabetes or additional liver disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often can treatments for liver failure be repeated if necessary?

    <p>Every 7 to 10 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical manifestation is characteristic of hepatocutaneous syndrome?

    <p>Hyperkeratosis of the footpads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended application frequency for the antibiotic–glucocorticoid ointment in fissured lesions until healing occurs?

    <p>Every 8 to 12 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected survival time for animals suffering from chronic hepatic disease post skin lesion appearance?

    <p>Several months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical duration for administering systemic antibiotics if footpads are secondarily infected?

    <p>3 to 4 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of hepatocutaneous syndrome, which skin findings can resemble autoimmune skin disease?

    <p>Alopecic crusting dermatitis of the lips</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What additional complication is often seen alongside the clinical presentation of hepatocutaneous syndrome?

    <p>Bacterial or yeast pododermatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a differential for fissured lesions in dogs?

    <p>Age-related skin aging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by severe hyperkeratosis of the footpads and is associated with hepatocutaneous syndrome?

    <p>Keratinization disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Persian cats, what is the initial characteristic of facial dermatitis before pruritus develops?

    <p>Black, waxy debris accumulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a typical finding in animals with hepatocutaneous syndrome?

    <p>Papular lesions throughout the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant feature of facial dermatitis in Persian cats as the condition progresses?

    <p>Development of moderate to severe pruritus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical skin presentation in the advanced stages of hepatocutaneous syndrome?

    <p>Severe crusting and erosion of the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prognosis for cure in dogs suffering from fissured lesions?

    <p>Poor prognosis but quality of life is maintained</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical sign is characteristic of Familial Footpad Hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Severe hyperkeratosis and crusting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of dermatitis is observed around the mucous membranes in hepatocutaneous syndrome?

    <p>Perianal dermatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed is specifically mentioned to show a unique profile of footpads related to fissured lesions?

    <p>Irish Terrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended amount of Vitamin A for dogs weighing 20 lb?

    <p>8000 IU</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is suggested by marked, disproportionate follicular orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis during dermatohistopathology?

    <p>Vitamin A-responsive dermatosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What topical treatment is recommended for managing mild to moderate Schnauzer comedo syndrome lesions?

    <p>Chlorhexidine/miconazole pads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected timeline for complete clinical remission after starting vitamin A therapy?

    <p>8 to 10 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended cleansing frequency for moderate to severe lesions until comedones resolve?

    <p>Every 2 to 3 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of lesions associated with Schnauzer comedo syndrome?

    <p>Nonpainful and nonpruritic comedones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically necessary for dogs suffering from vitamin A-responsive dermatosis in terms of ongoing treatment?

    <p>Lifelong vitamin A therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ingredient is NOT recommended for cleansing ear margins affected by canine ear margin dermatosis?

    <p>Olive oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Schnauzer comedo syndrome, what may develop if lesions become secondarily infected?

    <p>Widespread papular eruption and pruritus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by a cosmetic disease that does not significantly impact a dog's quality of life?

    <p>Schnauzer Comedo Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What systemic treatment is indicated for any secondary pyoderma in Schnauzer comedo syndrome?

    <p>Systemic antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the clinical management of canine ear margin dermatosis is incorrect?

    <p>Accumulative debris can be ignored until it becomes severe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected timeline for improvement in a case of canine ear margin dermatosis with appropriate treatment?

    <p>5 to 14 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is NOT listed as a differential for dermatological issues in dogs?

    <p>Deworming reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be an appropriate initial treatment approach for comedones in dogs?

    <p>Use of specialized shampoos with sulfur and salicylic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When might long-term cleansing as needed be adopted after initial treatment of lesions?

    <p>Once lesions are fully resolved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is NOT a differential for nasal hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Erythema multiforme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What histopathological finding is typically associated with parasympathetic nasal hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Marked orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most significant limitation of using oral prednisone for the treatment of nasal hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Can cause unacceptable steroid adverse effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal for treating mild scaly lesions on the nose of affected dogs?

    <p>Provide symptomatic relief and maintain quality of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the prognosis for dogs with nasal hyperkeratosis is true?

    <p>Long-term management typically leads to a good quality of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dosage of oral prednisone is suggested for immunosuppressive treatment in this condition?

    <p>2 mg/kg every 24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What histopathological feature is characteristic of the lesions associated with developmental nasal parakeratosis?

    <p>Marked ortho and parakeratosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is advised regarding breeding for dogs affected by nasal hyperkeratosis?

    <p>They should not be bred due to genetic predispositions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prognosis for animals diagnosed with chronic hepatic disease and metastatic pancreatic neoplasia?

    <p>Poor, with survival time typically only a few months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following clinical findings is commonly associated with hepatocutaneous syndrome?

    <p>Crusting lesions on the footpads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical manifestation typically complicates the presentation of hepatocutaneous syndrome?

    <p>Severe bacterial and yeast pododermatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the severe crusting and hyperkeratosis observed on the footpads in hepatocutaneous syndrome?

    <p>Footpad hyperkeratosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the dermatological findings in hepatocutaneous syndrome from other skin diseases?

    <p>Similarity to autoimmune skin disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the survival time after the onset of skin lesions in chronic hepatic disease typically present?

    <p>Typically a few months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following findings is least likely to be associated with hepatocutaneous syndrome?

    <p>Abscesses on the limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of dermatitis is suggested when lesions observed in a case of hepatocutaneous syndrome show similarity to another condition?

    <p>Autoimmune skin disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What histopathological finding is likely observed in chronic lesions affected by secondary bacterial infection?

    <p>Marked epidermal hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended method for removing impacted follicles to prevent exudative lesions?

    <p>Tape stripping the hairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of treatment, what is crucial to prevent secondary infections when using moisturizers?

    <p>Implementing protective padding measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be the frequency of applying moisturizing treatments after initial intervention?

    <p>Every 12 to 24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary diagnosis method for lesions exhibiting keratin debris and inflammation?

    <p>Cytology of exudate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prognosis is typically given for non-infected lesions in dogs?

    <p>Good prognosis without affecting quality of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is likely to be seen in the cytology of exudative lesions?

    <p>Free hair shafts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is generally not recommended for managing chronic callus lesions?

    <p>Surgical excision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What additional issue is often linked with Canine Uveodermatologic Syndrome?

    <p>Granulomatous panuveitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ophthalmic sign is commonly seen in dogs affected by Canine Uveodermatologic Syndrome?

    <p>Diminished pupillary light reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed is notably at high risk for developing Canine Uveodermatologic Syndrome?

    <p>Akita</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment is recommended for ocular signs associated with Canine Uveodermatologic Syndrome?

    <p>Topical glucocorticoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Canine Uveodermatologic Syndrome, what is a typical associated skin change observed?

    <p>Leukoderma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is specifically indicated for managing severe cases of uveitis in dogs?

    <p>Dexamethasone 1 to 2 mg subconjunctivally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of immune-mediated factors in Canine Uveodermatologic Syndrome is highlighted in its pathology?

    <p>Production of autoantibodies against melanocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed is NOT commonly associated with Canine Uveodermatologic Syndrome according to the given content?

    <p>Greater Swiss Mountain Dog</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended duration for treatment with fluconazole for Malassezia infections in feline acne?

    <p>30 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following findings is commonly seen in dermatohistopathology associated with secondary bacterial infections in feline acne?

    <p>Perifolliculitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment option is used to cleanse affected areas in feline acne management?

    <p>Human alcohol-free acne pads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern if secondary infections occur in cases of feline acne?

    <p>Quality of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common requirement for preventing relapses in feline acne treatment?

    <p>Frequent chin cleaning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of topical product may be applied for maintenance control of feline acne?

    <p>Sulfur-containing shampoo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of clipping hairs around lesions in feline acne?

    <p>To improve visualization of lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT included in the differentials for feline acne?

    <p>Erythema multiforme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most appropriate treatment approach for fissured lesions in dogs?

    <p>Combination antibiotic-glucocorticoid ointment every 8 to 12 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is NOT a differential for fissured lesions in dogs?

    <p>Erythema multiforme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is critical in managing facial dermatitis in Persian cats as the condition evolves?

    <p>Maintaining cleanliness around affected areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable characteristic of familial footpad hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Disfigurement of footpads due to severe hyperkeratosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prognosis for a dog diagnosed with familial footpad hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Good, with routine symptomatic therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initial symptom is commonly observed in facial dermatitis of Persian cats?

    <p>Waxy debris accumulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following secondary infections warrants a systemic antibiotic treatment for footpads in dogs?

    <p>Bacterial infection of the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often should fast-growing nails be trimmed for optimal management?

    <p>Frequently, as needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical clinical finding associated with hepatocutaneous syndrome?

    <p>Severe hyperkeratosis of the footpads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is often mistaken for autoimmune skin disease due to its clinical presentation?

    <p>Hepatocutaneous syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication frequently accompanies the clinical presentation of hepatocutaneous syndrome?

    <p>Bacterial and yeast pododermatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prognosis for animals diagnosed with chronic hepatic disease and subsequent skin lesions?

    <p>Poor with survival time of only a few months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of hepatocutaneous syndrome, what kind of lesions can occur around mucous membranes?

    <p>Erosive lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of crusting is commonly observed on the muzzle of dogs with hepatocutaneous syndrome?

    <p>Severe crusting and hyperkeratosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical duration for the development of severe crusting and hyperkeratosis of the footpads in dogs with hepatocutaneous syndrome?

    <p>Several months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which histopathological finding is commonly associated with lesions in hepatocutaneous syndrome?

    <p>Vacuolar hepatopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a callus formed in dogs?

    <p>A round to oval, alopecic and hyperkeratotic plaque</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following breeds is most likely to develop lesions due to pressure callus formation?

    <p>Large and giant-breed dogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of treatment is recommended if a callus becomes secondarily infected?

    <p>Long-term systemic antibiotics for a minimum of 4–6 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common skin condition that could be confused with canine uveodermatologic syndrome?

    <p>Facial dermatitis in Persian cats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions might require the removal of ingrown hairs from calluses to prevent complications?

    <p>Callus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical manifestation observed with abnormal keratinization disorders in dogs?

    <p>Hyperpigmentation with hair loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment option is used for managing localized callus lesions?

    <p>Topical dimethyl sulfoxide combined with enrofloxacin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature is commonly associated with the canine uveodermatologic syndrome?

    <p>Focal depigmented alopecic lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following serum biochemistry findings are indicative of liver failure?

    <p>Elevated alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant histopathological finding in vitamin A-responsive dermatosis?

    <p>Marked, disproportionate follicular orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method for administering a 3% amino acid and electrolyte solution for treatment?

    <p>Intravenous administration via peripheral catheterization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which condition is lifelong vitamin A therapy usually necessary to maintain remission?

    <p>Vitamin A-responsive dermatosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is often characterized by hypoaminoacidemia in a liver failure scenario?

    <p>Hepatocutaneous syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the case of Schnauzer comedo syndrome, what treatment is recommended for affected areas?

    <p>Cleansing with chlorhexidine/miconazole pledgets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of liver pathology, which ultrasound finding is most characteristic of chronic liver disease?

    <p>A small, hyperechoic liver with reticular patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication of treating liver failure with glucocorticoids?

    <p>Increased risk of diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average expected duration for resolution of comedones in Schnauzer comedo syndrome after appropriate cleansing?

    <p>1 to 3 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following treatments may provide temporary improvement in skin lesions for dogs with liver failure?

    <p>Prednisone at anti-inflammatory doses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom may develop if lesions associated with Schnauzer comedo syndrome become secondarily infected?

    <p>Widespread papular eruption and pruritus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected timeline for marked improvement in skin lesions after appropriate amino acid therapy?

    <p>Within 1 to 3 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended dosage of Vitamin A for dogs based on their weight?

    <p>8000 to 10,000 IU per 20 lb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Regarding histopathological findings, which liver condition is often characterized by a vacuolar hepatopathy?

    <p>Chronic liver disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of Schnauzer comedo syndrome?

    <p>Features few to many nonpainful, nonpruritic comedones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What improvement timeframe should one expect after initiating daily oral fatty acid supplementation?

    <p>4 to 6 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common duration for administering systemic antibiotics in cases where footpads are secondarily infected?

    <p>3 to 4 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT identified as a differential for fissured lesions in dogs?

    <p>Seborrheic dermatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is characteristic of facial dermatitis in Persian cats as the condition escalates?

    <p>Exudative and erythematous facial folds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How frequently should fast-growing nails in dogs be trimmed?

    <p>Every 2 to 3 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prognosis for dogs suffering from severe hyperkeratosis and associated conditions?

    <p>Poor, but dogs maintain quality of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ointment is recommended for treating fissured lesions in dogs?

    <p>Combination antibiotic-glucocorticoid ointment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which demographic of cats has the highest incidence of facial dermatitis?

    <p>Kittens and young adult cats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appearance of lesions in Familial Footpad Hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Thickened and crusted with disfigurement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of dermatitis is commonly associated with alopecia and lichenification affecting the entire cutaneous surface?

    <p>Seborrheic dermatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic finding is associated with primary seborrhea after hair is epilated?

    <p>Follicular casts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is indicative of generalized seborrhea observed in canine primary seborrhea?

    <p>Crusts and scales on the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential physical characteristic present on the footpads of dogs with primary seborrhea?

    <p>Hyperkeratosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What other condition can be associated with primary seborrhea when secondary infections occur?

    <p>Pyoderma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What general change in the skin's appearance is typically expected in a canine diagnosed with primary seborrhea?

    <p>Thickened and leathery appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms might specifically be noted around the dog's nose in a case of primary seborrhea?

    <p>Discoloration and clumping of hair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do lesions from canine primary seborrhea typically manifest on the skin?

    <p>Focal or generalized appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by thick, adherent crusts covering the nasal planum in dogs?

    <p>Idiopathic nasodigital hyperkeratosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment approach for fissured lesions in dogs until they heal?

    <p>Combination antibiotic–glucocorticoid ointment every 8 to 12 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant dermatopathological finding is associated with idiopathic nasodigital hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Epidermal hyperplasia with marked orthokeratotic or parakeratotic hyperkeratosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is NOT a differential for idiopathic nasodigital hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Epidermal cysts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prognosis for idiopathic nasodigital hyperkeratosis in dogs?

    <p>Manageable symptomatically although incurable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which topical treatment is commonly used for managing excessive keratin in dogs before therapy is initiated?

    <p>Salicylic acid–sodium lactate–urea gel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific treatment approach is often taken for keratotic growths before the initiation of hydration and softening therapy?

    <p>Trimming away excessive keratin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these conditions may exhibit symptoms similar to those of idiopathic nasodigital hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Hereditary nasal parakeratosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key initial step in diagnosing vitamin A-responsive dermatosis?

    <p>Conduct dermatohistopathology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended dosage of Vitamin A for dogs based on their weight?

    <p>8000 to 10,000 IU per 20 lb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which features are indicative of Schnauzer comedo syndrome?

    <p>Comedones and crusted papules on the dorsal midline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical timeline for observing improvement after starting vitamin A supplementation?

    <p>4 to 6 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is recommended for mild to moderate lesions of Schnauzer comedo syndrome?

    <p>Cleansing with chlorhexidine/miconazole pads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prognosis for dogs undergoing vitamin A therapy for vitamin A-responsive dermatosis?

    <p>Good, with the need for lifelong therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recommended action for managing Schnauzer comedo syndrome?

    <p>Continuous systemic antibiotics indefinitely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic histopathological finding is associated with vitamin A-responsive dermatosis?

    <p>Marked follicular orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary clinical feature observed in a dog with a callus?

    <p>Alopecic, hyperpigmented, hyperkeratotic plaque</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the management of a secondary infected callus, which treatment option is most effective?

    <p>Topical DMSO with enrofloxacin solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What additional complication should be addressed in the treatment of callus lesions?

    <p>Embedding of ingrown hairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following breeds is most likely to develop callus lesions?

    <p>Large and giant-breed dogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is associated with the lesions seen in Canine Uveodermatologic Syndrome?

    <p>Localized depigmentation of fur with seborrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the examination of a dog with calluses, which skin reaction is primarily considered?

    <p>Localized hyperplastic reaction due to friction or pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the appearance of calluses in dogs?

    <p>They present as round to oval, alopecic, and hyperkeratotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable feature associated with calluses in deep-chested dogs?

    <p>Alopecic lesions are frequently located on the elbow, hock, or sternum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical occurrence of facial dermatitis in Persian cats regarding age?

    <p>Highest incidence in older kittens and young adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential outcome for dogs that develop fissured lesions?

    <p>They may enjoy a good quality of life with treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which skin condition is characterized by the accumulation of black, waxy debris around the facial area in Persian cats?

    <p>Facial dermatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment is recommended for footpads that are secondarily infected in dogs?

    <p>Antibiotics for 3 to 4 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is not a differential diagnosis for fissured lesions in dogs?

    <p>Erythema multiforme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical feature of Familial Footpad Hyperkeratosis in relation to footpads?

    <p>Severe hyperkeratosis and crusting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of debris accumulates in the facial dermatitis of Persian cats as the condition progresses?

    <p>Black, waxy debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is indicated by thickened skin and crusting lesions on the footpads of affected dogs?

    <p>Familial Footpad Hyperkeratosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antioxidant is NOT recommended for symptomatic improvement of liver function?

    <p>Colchicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical daily dosage of Vitamin E recommended for improving liver function?

    <p>400 IU PO q 12 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical sign is typically associated with footpad lesions secondary to liver disease?

    <p>Polydipsia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding chronic liver disease and histopathology is true?

    <p>Vacuolar hepatopathy is a typical finding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is indicated for animals with chronic liver disease to potentially prolong survival?

    <p>Parenteral amino acid supplementation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of long-term colchicine use in dogs with liver fibrosis?

    <p>Diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indicator for diagnosing chronic liver disease when examining a hemogram?

    <p>Normocytic, normochromic, nonregenerative anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition could be considered a differential for footpad lesions associated with liver disease?

    <p>Pemphigus foliaceus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dietary factors can lead to zinc deficiency in dogs?

    <p>Cereal- or soy-based diets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed is least likely to be associated with increased incidence of zinc deficiency?

    <p>Labrador retrievers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential sign of zinc toxicosis in dogs?

    <p>Vomiting and diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach may reduce the need for zinc supplementation in dogs?

    <p>Oral essential fatty acid therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is not typically associated with zinc deficiency in dogs?

    <p>Urticaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can indicate that a dog is not responding to zinc supplementation?

    <p>Failure to improve within 6 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical feature suggests the need for monitoring blood levels in dogs?

    <p>Signs of zinc toxicosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be considered if symptomatic therapy does not improve a dog's condition?

    <p>Neuter the dog if female</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in managing the treatment of a dog diagnosed with canine uveodermatologic syndrome?

    <p>Taper steroid administration after achieving remission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical finding is most indicative of canine uveodermatologic syndrome?

    <p>Sterile uveitis and chorioretinitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What histopathological finding is likely observed in cases of canine uveodermatologic syndrome?

    <p>Lichenoid interface dermatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential long-term consequence of untreated or poorly controlled uveitis in dogs?

    <p>Development of cataracts and glaucoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is commonly tapered after achieving initial remission in the treatment protocol?

    <p>Azathioprine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prognosis for dogs affected by canine uveodermatologic syndrome?

    <p>Guarded to fair with potential for difficulties in management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cosmetic issue may arise from canine uveodermatologic syndrome, particularly noted in skin findings?

    <p>Cutaneous depigmentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which finding is not typically associated with canine uveodermatologic syndrome?

    <p>Allergic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial recommended approach for mild, asymptomatic cases of nasal hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Benign neglect and observation without treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment method is suggested for moderate to severe cases of nasal hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Hydrating affected areas followed by softening agent application</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following agents is NOT listed as an effective softening treatment for nasal hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Coconut oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do concurrent keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) and otitis play in the context of nasal hyperkeratosis?

    <p>They suggest possible damage to preganglionic parasympathetic fibers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common appearance of the dermatosis associated with nasal hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Grayish to brownish adherent keratinaceous debris on the nasal planum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT listed as a differential diagnosis for nasal hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Chronic exposure to UV light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors may influence the intensity of therapy for nasal hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Severity of the lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general prognosis for dogs affected by nasal hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Good, with appropriate management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary inheritance pattern suspected for familial footpad hyperkeratosis in Irish terriers?

    <p>Autosomal recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do affected dogs typically begin to show signs of familial footpad hyperkeratosis?

    <p>4 to 6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following treatments may be used for managing symptoms of familial footpad hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Daily foot soaks in 50% propylene glycol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What histopathological feature is characteristic of familial footpad hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Marked orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical outcome for dogs afflicted with familial footpad hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Development of secondary bacterial infections and severe lameness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following breeds has the highest incidence of familial footpad hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Irish Terriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a suggested method for managing the excess keratin associated with familial footpad hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Frequent filing of the footpads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What additional complication is often associated with familial footpad hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Abnormal nail development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected survival time for animals with chronic hepatic disease after the onset of skin lesions?

    <p>Few months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical finding is NOT commonly associated with hepatocutaneous syndrome?

    <p>Peripheral edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a classic lesion associated with hepatocutaneous syndrome?

    <p>Crusts on the footpads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication is often seen alongside the clinical presentation of hepatocutaneous syndrome?

    <p>Bacterial and yeast pododermatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of dermatitis is characterized by alopecic crusting on the nasal planum and muzzle in hepatocutaneous syndrome?

    <p>Autoimmune skin disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following lesions is typical of hepatocutaneous syndrome?

    <p>Hyperkeratosis of the footpads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In hepatocutaneous syndrome, what is a common lesion found around the mucous membranes?

    <p>Severe crusting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant clinical finding that develops over time in dogs with hepatocutaneous syndrome?

    <p>Progressive footpad hyperkeratosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical signs may indicate acute onset of Canine Uveodermatologic Syndrome?

    <p>Diminished or absent pupillary light reflexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following breeds has the highest incidence of Canine Uveodermatologic Syndrome?

    <p>Akita</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment method for acute uveitis in dogs suffering from Canine Uveodermatologic Syndrome?

    <p>Topical or subconjunctival glucocorticoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leukoderma and leukotrichia in Canine Uveodermatologic Syndrome are primarily caused by what underlying process?

    <p>Autoantibodies against melanocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dosage of dexamethasone is typically administered subconjunctivally for treating dogs with acute uveitis?

    <p>6 mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prognosis for dogs diagnosed with Canine Uveodermatologic Syndrome if not treated aggressively?

    <p>Progressive loss of vision and potential blindness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of skin and coat appearance in Canine Uveodermatologic Syndrome?

    <p>Skin depigmentation and hair depigmentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment was NOT mentioned as part of the regimen for addressing uveitis in affected dogs?

    <p>Subconjunctival cyclosporine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is often the necessary long-term management approach for feline acne?

    <p>Lifelong symptomatic treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common clinical manifestation of feline acne?

    <p>Asymptomatic comedones on the chin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of treatment is typically recommended for severe cases of feline acne?

    <p>Systemic vitamin A therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication may arise from chronic pressure on skin leading to callus formation?

    <p>Formation of cystic follicles beneath the callus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which topical treatment may potentially irritate some cats suffering from feline acne?

    <p>2.5% benzoyl peroxide gel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What skin condition can develop if lesions from feline acne become secondarily infected?

    <p>Furunculosis and cellulitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of chronic calluses, what is a common finding despite the presence of large cystic follicles?

    <p>Absence of active infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential outcome of long-standing follicular keratinization in feline acne?

    <p>Development of cystic structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an appropriate method for cleansing affected areas in Schnauzer comedo syndrome?

    <p>Chlorhexidine/miconazole pledgets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended dosage of Vitamin A for dogs?

    <p>8000 to 10,000 IU per 20 lb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication may arise if Schnauzer comedo syndrome lesions become infected?

    <p>Widespread papular eruption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected timeline for improvement in clinical signs after Vitamin A supplementation?

    <p>4 to 6 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What histopathological finding is particularly associated with vitamin A-responsive dermatosis?

    <p>Marked, disproportionate follicular orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by greasy, poor-quality fur in dogs?

    <p>Vitamin A-responsive dermatosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the treatment of Schnauzer comedo syndrome, how long should systemic antibiotics be administered for secondary infections?

    <p>3 to 4 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically necessary to maintain remission after initially treating vitamin A-responsive dermatosis?

    <p>Lifelong vitamin A therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant characteristic of tail gland hyperplasia in affected dogs?

    <p>Partial alopecia with a greasy fur coat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breeds are most commonly affected by sebaceous adenitis?

    <p>Standard poodles and Hungarian vizslas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary effect of inflammation in sebaceous adenitis?

    <p>Destruction of sebaceous glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment is suggested for severe cases of sebaceous adenitis?

    <p>Oral fatty acids and topical moisturizers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is typically associated with tail gland hyperplasia?

    <p>Alopecia and comedone formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about sebaceous adenitis is incorrect?

    <p>It is commonly found in older dogs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which finding is associated with the tail gland in Brittany spaniels with hyperplasia?

    <p>Presence of cystic structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of sebaceous adenitis, what is the intended benefit of systemic therapy?

    <p>Prevention of further glandular destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of maintenance therapy for a patient after achieving remission?

    <p>Gradually tapering off immunosuppressive drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following complications can arise if uveitis is not treated promptly?

    <p>Development of glaucoma or cataracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What histopathological finding is typically associated with Canine Uveodermatologic Syndrome?

    <p>Pigmentary incontinence and lichenoid interface dermatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is commonly observed in patients as a sequela of poorly controlled or untreated uveitis?

    <p>Blindness and permanent ocular damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the prognosis for patients with Canine Uveodermatologic Syndrome?

    <p>The prognosis is guarded to fair and requires lifelong management.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential outcome is associated with cutaneous depigmentation in this syndrome?

    <p>It may improve but can also become permanent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of long-term drug administration for this syndrome, what is a key consideration during therapy?

    <p>Monitoring for potential complications and adjusting treatment accordingly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following findings reflects the nature of ocular manifestations in Canine Uveodermatologic Syndrome?

    <p>Sterile uveitis and chorioretinitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one possible treatment for improving liver function in animals with concurrent diabetes mellitus?

    <p>S-adenosylmethionine (sAME) 18–22 mg/kg PO daily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common form of anemia that may be observed in cases of liver disease?

    <p>Normocytic, normochromic, nonregenerative anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a significant adverse effect of long-term colchicine use?

    <p>Hyperperistalsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical sign associated with footpad lesions in dogs suffering from liver disease?

    <p>Lameness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of parenteral amino acid supplementation in dogs with chronic liver disease?

    <p>To improve skin lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment is suggested to slow the progression of fibrosis in dogs with liver fibrosis?

    <p>Colchicine 0.03 mg/kg PO every 24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is typically absent at the initial presentation of liver disease?

    <p>Systemic signs of metabolic disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended dosing frequency for Vitamin E in dogs with conditions related to liver disease?

    <p>400 IU PO q 12 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical feature of hereditary nasal parakeratosis in Labrador retrievers?

    <p>Crusting and erosions on the nasal planum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does hereditary nasal parakeratosis typically become apparent in affected dogs?

    <p>Between 6 and 12 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment option may provide improvement for hereditary nasal parakeratosis?

    <p>Topical propylene glycol diluted in water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mode of inheritance is suspected for hereditary nasal parakeratosis in Labrador retrievers?

    <p>Autosomal recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a common characteristic of lesions seen in idiopathic nasodigital hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Presence of pustules around the nose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom characterizes hereditary nasal parakeratosis but is absent in idiopathic nasodigital hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Depigmentation of the nasal area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of hereditary nasal parakeratosis is often considered when assessing its prognosis?

    <p>It is a lifelong condition that is controllable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What keratin accumulation occurs on the nasal planum in hereditary nasal parakeratosis?

    <p>Grayish or brownish adherent keratinaceous debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic feature of tail gland hyperplasia?

    <p>A greasy and poor-quality fur coat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed of dog is most commonly associated with sebaceous adenitis?

    <p>Standard Poodle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested as a potential systemic therapy for severe cases of sebaceous adenitis?

    <p>High doses of oral fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is commonly observed on the skin affects during sebaceous adenitis?

    <p>Thickened skin with crusting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a suspected genetic factor in the predisposition of some breeds to sebaceous adenitis?

    <p>Autosomal recessive inheritance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical sign may indicate more severe dermatitis from tail gland hyperplasia?

    <p>Focal areas of crusting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an expected benefit of systemic therapy in dogs with sebaceous adenitis?

    <p>Prevention of further gland destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can lead to alopecic dermatitis over the tail gland?

    <p>Sebaceous adenitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by both alopecia and lichenification affecting the entire cutaneous surface area in dogs?

    <p>Canine primary seborrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical feature seen in dogs suffering from canine primary seborrhea?

    <p>Follicular casts after hair epilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which additional skin change is typically associated with the waxy seborrheic dermatitis seen in canine primary seborrhea?

    <p>Crusting and scales</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of canine primary seborrhea, what might hyperkeratosis on footpads indicate?

    <p>Primary keratinization disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates secondary Malassezia dermatitis from canine primary seborrhea?

    <p>Skin lesions are focal rather than generalized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical presentation is best associated with follicular casts found in dogs?

    <p>Primary keratinization disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following findings is characteristic of canine primary seborrhea and not typically seen in other skin disorders?

    <p>Alopecic skin with prominent lichenification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of seborrhea may contribute to the overall clinical presentation of a dog with this condition?

    <p>Increased odor due to sebum accumulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be avoided to prevent aggravation of dermatosis in dogs?

    <p>Dry heat sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected time for skin lesions to resolve after correcting dietary zinc deficiency?

    <p>2 to 6 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment option is indicated for dogs with extensive fissured ear margins that do not respond to topical therapy?

    <p>A cosmetic ear crop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the prognosis for zinc-responsive dermatosis?

    <p>The prognosis varies based on severity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What skin lesion findings indicate vasculitis in dogs?

    <p>Alopecia with a notch defect on the ear margin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In dogs with zinc-responsive dermatosis, what type of diet should be provided?

    <p>AAFCO-approved dog foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment frequency is recommended for mild scaly lesions on the nose until a satisfactory response is achieved?

    <p>Every 12 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant characteristic of the lesions associated with canine ear margin dermatosis?

    <p>Dry and flaky skin with no pruritus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition represents an inappropriate treatment option due to the likelihood of unacceptable steroid adverse effects?

    <p>Long-term daily dosing of prednisone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What histopathological finding is associated with nasal hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Moderate to marked parakeratosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which management component is critical for symptomatic control of canine ear margin dermatosis?

    <p>Careful monitoring and control of environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical prognosis for dogs diagnosed with nasal hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Good quality of life with routine therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is NOT considered a differential for nasal hyperkeratosis?

    <p>IgA deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following features is characteristic of parasympathetic nasal hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Marked orthokeratotic or parakeratotic hyperkeratosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What important step should be taken first when diagnosing nasal hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Rule out other differentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is chronic treatment necessary for skin conditions like nasal hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Long-term management is required due to recurring symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary underlying mechanism leading to skin lesions in hepatocutaneous syndrome?

    <p>Low plasma amino acid concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed of dog is most commonly predisposed to developing hepatocutaneous syndrome?

    <p>Shetland Sheepdog</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What histological feature is NOT associated with early lesions of hepatocutaneous syndrome?

    <p>Hypoplastic basal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of infections may be present in cases of hepatocutaneous syndrome?

    <p>Secondary bacterial or yeast infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical manifestation of hepatocutaneous syndrome on the skin?

    <p>Intensely pruritic ulcers and crusting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical symptom associated with vitamin A-responsive dermatosis?

    <p>Mild to moderate pruritus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following treatment options is specifically indicated for secondary skin infections in dogs with vitamin A-responsive dermatosis?

    <p>Topical and systemic therapies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential treatment option for a dog diagnosed with hepatocutaneous syndrome caused by a resectable glucagonoma?

    <p>Surgical excision of the tumor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of lesions found in hepatocutaneous syndrome?

    <p>Vesicular formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended frequency for administering antiseborrheic shampoos to improve skin condition in dogs with vitamin A-responsive dermatosis?

    <p>Every 2 to 7 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typical age group of dogs is most often affected by hepatocutaneous syndrome?

    <p>Older dogs (above 10 years)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique feature is often seen in the skin lesions of dogs with vitamin A-responsive dermatosis?

    <p>Keratinaceous frondlike plugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed of dog is reported to have the highest incidence of vitamin A-responsive dermatosis?

    <p>American Cocker Spaniel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary nutritional recommendation for managing vitamin A-responsive dermatosis in dogs?

    <p>Commercially balanced dog food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concurrent condition is commonly associated with vitamin A-responsive dermatosis in dogs?

    <p>Ceruminous otitis externa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential long-term requirement for dogs with vitamin A-responsive dermatosis after initial treatment?

    <p>Low-dose maintenance therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the suspected inheritance pattern of familial footpad hyperkeratosis in Irish terriers?

    <p>Autosomal recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do dogs typically start showing symptoms of familial footpad hyperkeratosis?

    <p>4 to 6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is recommended for symptomatic relief of footpad hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Daily foot soaks in 50% propylene glycol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical feature is most prominent in affected dogs with familial footpad hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Marked hyperkeratosis of the footpads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of secondary bacterial infection in dogs with familial footpad hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Severe, intermittent lameness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recommended treatment for familial footpad hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Systemic corticosteroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed has the highest reported incidence of familial footpad hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Irish Terrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the diagnosis of familial footpad hyperkeratosis, which dermatohistopathology finding is most significant?

    <p>Marked orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition may need consideration if significant defects develop in ear margins?

    <p>Autoimmune skin disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which supplement is suggested for skin lesion improvement alongside essential fatty acids?

    <p>Vitamin E</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected timeline for seeing improvement after starting treatment with essential fatty acids?

    <p>1 to 2 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be administered every 24 hours for the first 5 to 10 days if ear margins are inflamed?

    <p>Steroid-containing ointment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment may be beneficial for some dogs with ear margin issues and requires dosage adjustment based on weight?

    <p>Pentoxifylline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is commonly associated with chronic ear margin lesions that may lead to further complications?

    <p>Head shaking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a differential diagnosis for the skin lesions mentioned?

    <p>Atopic dermatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The application of which type of moisturizer is recommended after shampoo therapy for ear margins?

    <p>Oil-based moisturizer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary long-term treatment strategy for mild scaly lesions on the nose?

    <p>Application of topical treatment every 12 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an important differential diagnosis for nasal hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Pemphigus foliaceus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What histopathological finding is characteristic of parasympathetic nasal hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Epidermal hyperplasia with marked orthokeratotic or parakeratotic hyperkeratosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential risks are associated with using immunosuppressive doses of oral prednisone for treatment?

    <p>Unacceptable steroid adverse effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected prognosis regarding the cure of dogs affected by severe nasal hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Poor prognosis for cure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be avoided in the breeding of dogs affected by nasal hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Breeding similar affected dogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the required treatment approach once a satisfactory response to topical therapy is observed?

    <p>Use topical treatments as needed for maintenance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended dosage of oral prednisone in mg/kg for treating dogs with severe conditions?

    <p>2 mg/kg every 24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended dosing frequency for instilling topical cycloplegic in cases of anterior uveitis?

    <p>Every 6 to 24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be considered if significant improvement is not seen within 2 weeks of therapy initiation for skin depigmentation?

    <p>Consider alternate or additional immunosuppressive medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cases of bilateral uveitis, which of the following is NOT a differential diagnosis?

    <p>Systemic hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration for which oral prednisone should be tapered after ocular lesions have resolved?

    <p>8 to 10 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment options are considered for refractory cases in addition to glucocorticoids?

    <p>Cyclophosphamide and niacinamide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What time frame is expected for a beneficial response after initiating treatment for skin depigmentation?

    <p>8 to 12 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ocular condition may develop as a complication of anterior uveitis if left untreated?

    <p>Retinal detachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Skin lesions resulting from skin depigmentation could occasionally become which of the following?

    <p>Eroded, ulcerated, and crusted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended approach after achieving remission in treatment for Canine Uveodermatologic Syndrome?

    <p>Taper or discontinue steroid administration, then taper other medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical finding is associated with Canine Uveodermatologic Syndrome in terms of ocular health?

    <p>Sterile uveitis and chorioretinitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What histopathological finding is typically observed in dogs with Canine Uveodermatologic Syndrome?

    <p>Pigmentary incontinence and lichenoid interface dermatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential complications if uveitis in Canine Uveodermatologic Syndrome is not treated early?

    <p>Glaucoma, cataracts, and blindness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome of cutaneous depigmentation in related conditions?

    <p>Permanent cosmetic problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general prognosis for Canine Uveodermatologic Syndrome?

    <p>Guarded to fair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the treatment protocol for Canine Uveodermatologic Syndrome, which medication should be tapered after steroids?

    <p>Azathioprine or cyclophosphamide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What histopathological cell types are commonly found in the skin lesions of Canine Uveodermatologic Syndrome?

    <p>Large histiocytes and multinucleated giant cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary administration route for Isotretinoin when treating skin lesions in dogs?

    <p>Oral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the common characteristics of skin lesions seen in Akitas affected by skin disease?

    <p>Greasy skin and hair coat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following treatments is recommended at a dosage of 8000 to 10,000 IU per 20 lb for dogs?

    <p>Vitamin A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the presence of follicular casts usually indicate in dogs with skin disease?

    <p>Dull and matted hair coat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After achieving control of skin lesions with Prednisone, how should the dosage be adjusted?

    <p>Tapered to alternate-day dosing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key differentiator for skin conditions characterized by multiple symptoms including alopecia and scales?

    <p>Primary seborrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific effect should be monitored due to potential adverse reactions when treating with Isotretinoin?

    <p>Liver adverse effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication associated with chronic skin disease in dogs if a secondary infection occurs?

    <p>Increased pruritus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can arise from the chronic pressure that leads to callus formation in dogs?

    <p>Decubital ulcers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the appearance of hair follicles affected by callus in short-coated dogs?

    <p>Obstructed and filled with keratin debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk associated with forcibly expressing impacted hairs from a callus?

    <p>Cellulitis and scarring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical feature is typically seen in dachshunds with callus formations due to chronic pressure?

    <p>Focal alopecia and comedo formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic finding in dermatohistopathology for parasympathetic nasal hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Multifocal accumulations of proteinaceous fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following treatments is considered inappropriate for long-term management of nasal hyperkeratosis due to potential adverse effects?

    <p>Systemic immunosuppressive doses of prednisone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the presence of keratin plugs in a sternal plaque suggest?

    <p>Chronic pressure and friction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Affected dogs with nasal hyperkeratosis may be otherwise healthy except for which of the following factors?

    <p>Breeding suitability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication of a chronic callus that develops with embedded hairs?

    <p>Secondary infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment frequency for applying topical treatment to lesions caused by nasal hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Twice daily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of the callus formation process in dogs is likely to lead to significant clinical signs?

    <p>Continuous friction and pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary symptom of vitamin A-responsive dermatosis?

    <p>Marked follicular plugging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dog breed has the highest incidence of vitamin A-responsive dermatosis?

    <p>American cocker spaniel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT included as a differential diagnosis for nasal hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Hypothyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature of callus is often observed in dogs with excessive pressure on specific body parts?

    <p>Alopecia and thickening of the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common concurrent issue that dogs with vitamin A-responsive dermatosis may experience?

    <p>Ceruminous otitis externa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general prognosis for cure in cases of severe nasal hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Poor, but quality of life can be maintained</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the indicated treatment for symptomatic control of ceruminous otitis in dogs?

    <p>Long-term maintenance ear care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial step recommended in the diagnosis of nasal hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Rule out other differentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nutritional guideline is recommended for managing vitamin A-responsive dermatosis?

    <p>Balanced commercial dog food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Long-term treatment for nasal hyperkeratosis is likely to include which of the following?

    <p>Consistent application of moisturizing agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended bathing frequency with antiseborrheic shampoos during the initial treatment phase for vitamin A-responsive dermatosis?

    <p>Every 2 to 7 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be necessary for dogs with vitamin A-responsive dermatosis to prevent recurring infections?

    <p>Periodic retreatments or long-term low-dose maintenance therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lesions are primarily associated with vitamin A-responsive dermatosis?

    <p>Hyperkeratotic plaques with frondlike plugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary appearance of a callus in dogs affected by pressure or friction?

    <p>Localized, alopecic with pigmentation changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done to manage embedded hairs in a callus to prevent complications?

    <p>Remove them to prevent secondary infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is suggested for a secondary infection of a callus?

    <p>Long-term systemic antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following breeds is most likely to develop sternal calluses due to chronic pressure?

    <p>Deep-chested large and giant-breed dogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of medication can be topically applied to assist with a callus infection?

    <p>Dimethyl sulfoxide with enrofloxacin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of clinical feature is most commonly associated with calluses on limbs?

    <p>Mild seborrhea and scaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common location for callus formation in dogs affected by pressure trauma?

    <p>Elbow, hock, or sternum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition would you expect to see alopecic, hyperkeratotic plaques in dogs?

    <p>Canine Uveodermatologic Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary diagnostic step in identifying zinc-responsive dermatosis?

    <p>Conduct a dermatohistopathology analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by sebaceous gland hyperplasia primarily located in the tail area of dogs?

    <p>Tail gland hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the case of zinc-responsive dermatosis, what is a common secondary infection that may complicate the skin condition?

    <p>Bacterial skin infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What histopathological finding is often associated with zinc-responsive dermatosis?

    <p>Marked diffuse epidermal parakeratosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is indicated for secondary bacterial infections associated with tail gland hyperplasia?

    <p>Systemic antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of zinc therapy in the management of zinc-responsive dermatosis?

    <p>It addresses the underlying deficiency causing skin lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic finding in tail gland hyperplasia in dogs?

    <p>Increased tail grooming behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is crucial in the diagnosis of secondary seborrhea related to tail gland hyperplasia?

    <p>History and clinical findings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed of dog is most commonly associated with vitiligo?

    <p>Rottweiler</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant characteristic of vitiligo lesions?

    <p>Asymptomatic condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prognosis for dogs diagnosed with vitiligo?

    <p>Good, as it does not affect quality of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following treatments has shown potential efficacy for vitiligo in veterinary practice?

    <p>L-phenylalanine administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a diagnosis of vitiligo primarily rule out?

    <p>Autoimmune skin diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which area is vitiligo commonly first detected in dogs?

    <p>Nose and lips</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the histopathological finding characteristic of skin affected by vitiligo?

    <p>Essentially normal skin with absent melanocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature helps differentiate vitiligo from seasonal nasal depigmentation?

    <p>Spotty pattern of depigmentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic finding of primary seborrhea in dogs?

    <p>Crusting around the nose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which finding is typically associated with follicular casts in dogs?

    <p>Appearance after hair epilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary clinical manifestation of generalized seborrhea?

    <p>Scales, crusts, and erythema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the described appearance of alopecic skin affected by primary seborrhea?

    <p>Rough and flaky with redness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of dermatitis is often associated with primary seborrhea?

    <p>Secondary Malassezia dermatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can present with cutaneous horns as a feature?

    <p>Primary seborrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common histopathological finding in primary seborrhea?

    <p>Follicular keratosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the appearance of skin in cases of lichenification related to primary seborrhea?

    <p>Thickened and leathery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic observed in dermatohistopathology for cases of parasympathetic nasal hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Epidermal hyperplasia with marked orthokeratotic or parakeratotic hyperkeratosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment option is generally considered inappropriate for long-term management of nasal hyperkeratosis due to the risk of adverse effects?

    <p>Immunosuppressive doses of oral prednisone daily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical prognosis for dogs affected by nasal hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Poor prognosis for cure but good quality of life with therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a differential diagnosis for nasal hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Sebaceous adenitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initial treatment frequency is recommended for applying therapy to mild lesions on the nose?

    <p>Every 12 hours until satisfactory response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What histopathological feature is commonly associated with mild scaly and crusty lesions in dogs?

    <p>Moderate to marked parakeratosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following treatments may be required for symptomatic control throughout the dog's lifetime?

    <p>Topical lesions treatment every 12 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key component is critical to diagnose the condition affecting the nasal planum in dogs?

    <p>Dermatohistopathology assessment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended cleansing routine for moderate to severe lesions until comedones have resolved?

    <p>Every 2 to 3 days with sulfur and salicylic acid or similar shampoos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For dogs diagnosed with Schnauzer Comedo Syndrome, what is an expected clinical finding?

    <p>Visible comedones and partial alopecia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of maintaining a long-term cleansing regimen after initial treatment of lesions?

    <p>To manage debris accumulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Vitamin A in the treatment of certain skin conditions in dogs?

    <p>It may be beneficial in doses of 8000 to 10,000 IU per 20 lb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected prognosis for dogs with untreated lesions that are not secondarily infected?

    <p>Good, as it is often a cosmetic issue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes Schnauzer comedo syndrome?

    <p>Nonpainful blackheads and crusted papules on the dorsal midline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should the ear margins of dogs with Canine Ear Margin Dermatosis be cleaned?

    <p>With a sulfur and salicylic acid or benzoyl peroxide shampoo every 1 to 2 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diagnostic process for lesions in canine dermatology primarily based on?

    <p>Signalment, history, clinical findings, and ruling out other differentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment approach for secondary pyoderma associated with Schnauzer comedo syndrome?

    <p>Systemic antibiotics for 3 to 4 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of vitamin A therapy for affected dogs?

    <p>To achieve complete clinical remission of vitamin A-responsive dermatosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What secondary condition may occur alongside comedones in Schnauzer Comedo Syndrome?

    <p>Superficial pyoderma and secondary bacterial folliculitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does it typically take to see improvement after starting vitamin A therapy in dogs?

    <p>4 to 6 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the dermatohistopathology of vitamin A-responsive dermatosis?

    <p>Marked follicular orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis with minimal epidermal hyperkeratosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the anticipated long-term requirement for dogs with vitamin A-responsive dermatosis?

    <p>Lifelong vitamin A therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment regimen is recommended for mild to moderate lesions of Schnauzer comedo syndrome?

    <p>Cleansing with chlorhexidine/miconazole pads every 1 to 2 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common presentation of vitamin A-responsive dermatosis in dogs?

    <p>Greasy fur coat and scale with follicular casts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct frequency for administering topical cycloplegics in treating certain ocular conditions?

    <p>Every 6 to 24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adverse outcome is least likely as a consequence of untreated ocular conditions mentioned?

    <p>Corneal edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended tapering period for immunosuppressive doses of prednisone after resolution of ocular lesions?

    <p>8 to 10 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential treatment approach if no significant improvement is observed within 2 weeks of initiating therapy?

    <p>Add another immunosuppressive medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which differential diagnosis is NOT associated with bilateral uveitis?

    <p>Diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which alternative glucocorticoid can be used for refractory cases when systemic glucocorticoid therapy is ineffective?

    <p>Triamcinolone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long should a beneficial response be noted after initiating treatment for skin depigmentation?

    <p>8 to 12 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is least likely to cause skin depigmentation?

    <p>Eczema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential role of castration in male dogs concerning tail gland lesions?

    <p>Castration may induce partial to complete lesion regression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is NOT typical of lesions associated with seborrhea in dogs?

    <p>Immediate resolution after topical treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical presenting symptom of canine primary seborrhea during puppyhood?

    <p>Dull and dry hair coat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of grooming intervention may particularly benefit cats experiencing tail gland lesions?

    <p>Regular brushing to minimize self-grooming needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a differential diagnosis for tail gland hyperplasia?

    <p>Superficial pyoderma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of a dog's body is most severely affected by juvenile seborrhea?

    <p>Interdigital regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical expected timeframe for observing improvement in dog lesions after castration?

    <p>Improvement may take up to two months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What additional condition is common in dogs suffering from canine primary seborrhea?

    <p>Bacterial infections and Malassezia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cats, what skin condition is characterized by a bandlike strip of matted hair along the tail?

    <p>Tail Gland Hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed has the highest incidence of developing canine primary seborrhea?

    <p>American Cocker Spaniel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT typically associated with canine primary seborrhea?

    <p>Vibrant hair color</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment option is least likely to resolve cosmetically unacceptable lesions in dogs?

    <p>Topical antiseborrheic therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common prognosis associated with skin lesions in dogs affected by tail gland hyperplasia?

    <p>Good as it is a cosmetic disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes a diagnosis of autoimmune skin disease less likely in cases of parasympathetic nasal hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Intact cobblestone surface of the nasal planum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is commonly found in the nasal planum affected by parasympathetic nasal hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Dry and crusted appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is associated with canine primary seborrhea regarding the skin's condition?

    <p>Scaly and crusty patches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended administration frequency for cyclosporine in treating skin disease?

    <p>Every 24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical feature seen in long-haired dogs with scaling skin disease?

    <p>Hair loss in primary hairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication requires monitoring for potential liver adverse effects?

    <p>Isotretinoin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial dosage of prednisone for controlling lesions in skin disease?

    <p>2 mg/kg PO q 24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option describes a side effect unlikely to be seen with Malassezia infections?

    <p>Acute depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is often differentiated from primary seborrhea?

    <p>Vitamin A-responsive dermatosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typical feature is seen in the undercoat of affected long-haired dogs?

    <p>Primary hairs remain intact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication's tapering is crucial to prevent disease recurrence after initial treatment?

    <p>Cyclosporine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary lesions seen in early stages of sebaceous adenitis according to dermatohistopathology?

    <p>Dispersed granulomas without involvement of hair follicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an appropriate maintenance dosage for a dog after the initial treatment of sebaceous adenitis?

    <p>0.5 mg/kg PO every 48 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prognosis for standard poodles affected by sebaceous adenitis?

    <p>Variable, with potential for progressive and refractory disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of treatment for sebaceous adenitis, which type of shampoo is recommended for symptom control?

    <p>Antiseborrheic shampoo every 2 to 4 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable histopathological characteristic of chronic lesions in sebaceous adenitis?

    <p>Absence of sebaceous glands replaced by fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be prioritized in the treatment of secondary skin infections accompanying sebaceous adenitis?

    <p>Systemic antimicrobial therapy as necessary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended frequency for asparaginase injections in the treatment of sebaceous adenitis?

    <p>Every 7 days for two to three treatments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of sebaceous adenitis dictates that affected dogs should not be bred?

    <p>The incurable nature of the disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of lentigo in dogs?

    <p>One or more flat macules of hyperpigmented skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of cat is lentigo noted to be most common?

    <p>Young orange cats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for lentigo?

    <p>No medical treatment is known</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What skin condition may lead to postinflammatory hyperpigmentation?

    <p>Pyoderma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic method is essential for postinflammatory hyperpigmentation?

    <p>Identification of underlying diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are lentigines most commonly found on dogs?

    <p>On the ventral abdomen and chest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature distinguishing lentigo from melanoma?

    <p>Lentigo is typically asymptomatic and benign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the histopathological findings of lentigo typically demonstrate?

    <p>Epidermal hyperplasia and increased melanocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appropriate tapering duration for immunosuppressive doses of oral prednisone after ocular lesions have resolved?

    <p>8–10 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a differential diagnosis for bilateral uveitis in dogs?

    <p>Dermatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of untreated ocular conditions leading to severe immune-mediated issues?

    <p>Retinal detachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which topical medication is recommended for symptomatic management of anterior uveitis in dogs?

    <p>1% atropine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What alternative medication class may be used if systemic glucocorticoid therapy is ineffective?

    <p>Immunosuppressants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following skin conditions may develop alongside generalized skin and hair coat depigmentation?

    <p>Cutaneous lymphoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected time frame for a beneficial response to treatment for skin depigmentation in dogs?

    <p>8–12 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is an alternative glucocorticoid for refractory cases?

    <p>Triamcinolone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may result from parasympathetic dysfunction concerning the nasal gland?

    <p>Loss of function of the normal nasal gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is generally recommended for mild, asymptomatic cases of nasal hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Regular hydration and observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lesion characteristics are often seen in the affected dogs?

    <p>Grayish or brownish keratinaceous debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cases involving concurrent keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), what treatment might be effective?

    <p>Pilocarpine usage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if excessive keratin has accumulated on the nasal planum?

    <p>Use warm water soaks followed by softening agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is NOT a confirmed differential for nasal hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Ichthyosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does damage to the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers have on the dog?

    <p>Decreased nasal secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of lesions seen in affected dogs?

    <p>Scaly and crusty lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of sebaceous adenitis in dogs?

    <p>It is an inflammatory disease specifically affecting sebaceous glands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breeds are most commonly associated with sebaceous adenitis?

    <p>Standard poodles and Hungarian vizslas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a suspected mode of inheritance for sebaceous adenitis in standard poodles?

    <p>Autosomal recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment may help in more severe cases of sebaceous adenitis?

    <p>High doses of oral fatty acids and topical sprays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical manifestation is associated with tail gland hyperplasia?

    <p>Greasy, poor-quality fur coat on the dorsal tail region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pathological change is observed in the skin associated with tail gland hyperplasia?

    <p>Inflammation and comedone formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which skin condition is most closely linked to sebaceous adenitis in young adult dogs?

    <p>Seborrheic dermatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential benefit of systemic therapy for dogs with sebaceous adenitis?

    <p>It prevents further sebaceous gland destruction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following treatment regimens involves the use of cyclosporine?

    <p>5 to 10 mg/kg PO every 24 hours for 6 to 8 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical manifestation that occurs with vitamin A-responsive dermatosis in dogs?

    <p>Patchy alopecia and fine, nonadherent scales</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended tapering schedule for cyclosporine treatment after improvement occurs?

    <p>Taper to the lowest effective dose every other day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a feature of skin disease observed in Akitas?

    <p>Frequent pruritus without infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the scales in longer-coated dogs compared to short-coated dogs?

    <p>Scales are thicker and more adherent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected liver-related side effect of isotretinoin treatment for skin lesions?

    <p>Common adverse liver effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug used for managing skin conditions in dogs is administered as 2 mg/kg every 24 hours until lesions are controlled?

    <p>Prednisone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of follicular casts seen in dogs with certain skin diseases?

    <p>Adherent scales found on primary hair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Callus

    • A callus is a thickening of the skin that occurs due to chronic pressure and friction.
    • Common locations for calluses include the elbows, hocks, and sternum.
    • Calluses are often seen in short-coated dogs, and the hairs can become impacted within the follicles.
    • Calluses can lead to decubital ulcers.
    • Treatment includes removing the impacted hairs, using keratolytic agents, and sometimes immunosuppressive doses of prednisone.

    Hereditary Nasal Parakeratosis

    • A rare condition affecting Labrador Retrievers.
    • Characterized by severe crusting and hyperkeratosis covering the nasal planum.
    • The condition does not affect the dog's overall health.

    Parasympathetic Nasal Hyperkeratosis

    • Also known as xeromycteria (dry nose)
    • Affected dogs present with dry, scaly noses.
    • The condition can be caused by hypothyroidism or other systemic conditions.

    Canine Primary Seborrhea

    • A chronic, inherited skin disorder characterized by excessive scaling and sebum production.
    • Affected dogs have a greasy, poor-quality fur coat with a rancid body odor.
    • Treatment includes frequent bathing with antiseborrheic shampoos and emollients, as well as oral fatty acid supplementation, vitamin A supplementation, and in severe cases acitretin.

    Vitamin A-Responsive Dermatosis

    • An incompletely understood disorder of keratinization.
    • A mild variant of canine primary seborrhea.
    • Responds completely to treatment with high doses of vitamin A.
    • Most common in young American Cocker Spaniels.

    Hepatocutaneous Syndrome

    • A rare disorder characterized by skin lesions and liver dysfunction.
    • Affected dogs present with pruritic, scaly skin that is often generalized.
    • Liver dysfunction is often present, including increased liver enzymes, bilirubin, and bile acids.
    • Treatment involves addressing the underlying liver disease, as well as symptomatic therapies for the skin lesions.

    Hepatocutaneous Syndrome

    • Hepatocutaneous Syndrome (HCS) affects dogs with chronic liver disease, and is characterized by skin lesions, particularly on the nasal planum, muzzle, footpads, and perianal area.
    • The lesions often resemble those seen in autoimmune skin diseases.
    • The prognosis for animals with HCS is poor, with survival time often being only a few months after the onset of skin lesions.
    • HCS may be caused by bacterial and yeast pododermatitis (inflammation of the footpads), further complicating the clinical presentation.

    Hereditary Nasal Parakeratosis

    • Hereditary Nasal Parakeratosis primarily affects Labrador Retrievers.
    • Characterized by severe crusting and hyperkeratosis (thickening of the skin) covering the nasal planum.
    • This condition is often seen in young adult Labrador Retrievers.

    Parasympathetic Nasal Hyperkeratosis

    • Also known as Xeromycteria (dry nose), this condition is characterized by excessive keratinization of the nose.
    • It can be differentiated from other skin disorders with similar presentations by dermatohistopathology, showing marked orthokeratotic or parakeratotic hyperkeratosis.
    • Treatment includes daily oral fatty acid supplementation, vitamin A administration,and lifelong monitoring.
    • Prognosis is good, with complete clinical remission often achieved within 8 to 10 weeks of treatment.

    Schnauzer Comedo Syndrome

    • Schnauzer comedo syndrome is a common acne-like disorder in miniature schnauzers.
    • It is characterized by the presence of comedones (blackheads) and crusted papules, especially on the dorsal midline of the back.
    • Treatment includes cleaning the affected areas, systemic antibiotics for secondary pyoderma, and vitamin A administration.
    • The prognosis for Schnauzer comedo syndrome is good, and the condition is often readily controlled.

    Canine Ear Margin Dermatosis

    • Canine ear margin dermatosis is a common idiopathic (unknown cause) seborrheic condition affecting dogs with pendulous ears.
    • Characterized by scaling, crusting, and inflammation of the ear margins.
    • The lesions are often not pruritic (itchy), but they may become inflamed and itchy as they progress.
    • Treatment includes cleaning the ear margins with appropriate shampoos and topical application of ointments for fissured (cracked) lesions.
    • The prognosis is poor for cure, but the condition is often manageable with routine symptomatic therapy.

    Familial Footpad Hyperkeratosis

    • Familial footpad hyperkeratosis is a genetic disorder affecting dogs, particularly Dogues de Bordeaux.
    • The condition is characterized by severe hyperkeratosis and crusting of the footpads, leading to disfigurement.
    • It is often seen in familial cases.

    FacialDermatitis of Persian Cats

    • Facial dermatitis of Persian cats is a facial skin disease of unclear cause.
    • It mainly affects Persian and Himalayan cats, particularly older kittens and young adult cats.
    • Characterized by black, waxy debris accumulation around the eyes, mouth, or chin, leading to matting of the hair.
    • The lesions are initially non-pruritic, but they become inflamed and itchy as they progress.
    • Treatment includes topical medication and cleaning the affected areas.
    • The prognosis for this condition is often good with treatment, but often requires lifelong management.

    Hepatocutaneous Syndrome

    • Poor prognosis for animals with chronic hepatic disease or metastatic pancreatic neoplasia
    • Survival time after onset of skin lesions is only a few months
    • Severe bacterial and yeast pododermatitis are common complications
    • Distribution Pattern of Hepatocutaneous Syndrome: Crusting dermatitis, alopecia, hyperkeratosis and crusting of the footpads, lesions around the mucous membranes, perianal dermatitis

    Canine Uveodermatologic Syndrome (Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada–like Syndrome)

    • Immune-mediated and hereditary factors likely involved
    • Autoantibodies produced against melanocytes cause granulomatous panuveitis, leukoderma (skin depigmentation) and leukotrichia (hair depigmentation)
    • Rare in dogs, with highest incidence in young adult and middle-aged dogs
    • Breeds affected: Akitas, Siberian husky, Samoyed, chow chow, Irish setter, Dachshund, fox terrier, Shetland Sheep dog, St.Bernard, Old English sheepdog, and Brazilian Fila dog.
    • Ophthalmic signs include diminished or absent pupillary light reflexes, blepharospasm, photophobia, and exudative conjunctivitis
    • Treatment
      • Aggressive treatment is essential to prevent blindness
      • Eyes should be treated with topical or subconjunctival glucocorticoids
      • Lesions may become ulcerated, fistulated, and exudative from secondary bacterial infection
      • Scrub the hairs out every 2-7 days
      • Tape-strip the hairs using a very sticky tape product
      • Bedding and sleeping areas should be padded
      • Moisturizers, antibiotic ointments, benzoyl peroxide gel, or salicylic acid–sodium lactate–urea gel should be applied every 12 to 24 hours
      • Surgical excision not recommended due to risk of wound dehiscence
      • Prognosis: Good for non-infected lesions, cosmetic disease

    Follicular Casts (Plugged Hair Follicles)

    • Uncommon condition in dogs, with highest incidence in young adult and middle-aged dogs
    • Often affected areas include the muzzle, lips, and eyelids
    • Plugged follicles typically have tapered, round profiles
    • Hairs around lesions should be clipped, warm water compresses applied and areas cleansed with alcohol-free acne pads or benzoyl peroxide–, sulfur–salicylic acid–, or ethyl lactate–containing shampoo
    • Prognosis: Good with regular symptomatic therapy, cosmetic disease

    Feline Acne

    • Uncommon in cats, with highest incidence in older kittens and young adult cats
    • Papular lesions on the chin, comedone formation, alopecia, scarring and hyperpigmentation common
    • Treatment
      • Topical mupirocin ointment applied 1 to 2 days until lesions resolve
      • Systematic antibiotics should be administered for 3-4 weeks for secondary infection
      • Clipping the hair can improve visibility of lesions
    • Prognosis: Poor for cure, but well-managed with routine therapy

    Familial Footpad Hyperkeratosis

    • Severe hyperkeratosis and crusting of the footpads are characteristic
    • Can result in disfigurement

    Facial Dermatitis of Persian Cats

    • Uncommon in Persian and Himalayan cats, with highest incidence in older kittens and young adult cats
    • Black, waxy debris accumulates symmetrically around the eyes or mouth or on the chin
    • Initially lesions are not pruritic, but as they progress and become inflamed, moderate to severe pruritus develops
    • Exudative and erythematous facial folds are common
    • Prognosis: Good with regular symptomatic therapy, cosmetic disease

    Hepatocutaneous Syndrome

    • Hepatocutaneous syndrome is a skin disease that is associated with chronic liver disease or metastatic pancreatic neoplasia in dogs
    • Prognosis for animals with this condition is poor
    • Skin lesions typically develop as crusting dermatitis on the nasal planum, muzzle, footpads and around mucous membranes
    • Lesions can resemble those of autoimmune skin disease
    • Alopecia, crusting, hyperkeratosis and tissue erosions are commonly seen on footpads

    Callus

    • Callus is a localized, hyperplastic skin reaction to trauma caused by pressure or friction.
    • Common in dogs, especially large and giant breeds
    • Presents as a round to oval, hyperpigmented, hyperkeratotic plaque over bony pressure points
    • Most often affects the elbow, hock or sternum
    • Treatment includes fatty acid supplementation, vitamin A and long term antibiotics if lesions are secondarily infected
    • Good prognosis with lifelong vitamin A therapy

    Schnauzer Comedo Syndrome (Schnauzer Bumps)

    • Common acne-like disorder of follicular keratinization in miniature schnauzers
    • Presents as non-painful, non-pruritic comedones and crusted papules on the dorsal midline of the back
    • Lesions can become secondarily infected, leading to a widespread papular eruption and pruritus
    • Blood work often reveals mild elevations in liver enzymes, total bilirubin, bile acids and hypoalbuminemia
    • Treatment includes systemic antibiotics, cleansing with acne pads or benzoyl peroxide gel and intravenous amino acid therapy
    • Oral amino acid solutions, egg yolks, zinc and essential fatty acids supplementation can be helpful

    Familial Footpad Hyperkeratosis

    • Inherited condition that causes severe hyperkeratosis of the footpads in dogs
    • Round nail profiles may be seen in Irish terriers
    • Treatment includes frequent trimming of fast-growing nails
    • Prognosis is poor, but dogs can enjoy a good quality of life with symptomatic therapy

    Facial Dermatitis of Persian Cats

    • Facial skin disease of unclear cause, primarily affecting Persian and Himalayan cats
    • Presents as black, waxy debris that mats the hair around the eyes, mouth or chin
    • Initially non-pruritic but progresses to moderate to severe pruritus
    • Exudative and erythematous facial folds are also common

    Callus

    • Calluses are a localized, hyperplastic skin reaction to trauma caused by pressure or friction
    • They are common in dogs, with the highest incidence in large and giant breed dogs
    • Calluses form a round to oval, alopecic, hyperpigmented, hyperkeratotic, hyperplastic plaque
    • Most commonly affected areas are the elbow, hock, or sternum of deep-chested dogs

    Idiopathic Nasodigital Hyperkeratosis

    • A skin disorder with unknown cause that affects the nose and footpads of dogs
    • Characterized by severe crusting and frondlike projections on the nose
    • Hyperkeratosis without other lesions could indicate autoimmune skin disease or hepatocutaneous syndrome
    • Lesions can present on the nose, footpads, or ventral abdomen with partial alopecia and seborrheic dermatitis

    Canine Primary Seborrhea

    • A common skin disorder in dogs caused by abnormal sebum production and keratinization
    • Results in greasy fur, scale, crusts, and erythema
    • Often presents on the feetpads, causing hyperkeratosis and follicular casts
    • Alopecia and lichenification are typical of a secondary Malassezia dermatitis
    • Can also present as cutaneous horns forming on the margins of the footpads
    • Treatment relies on vitamin A supplementation, which can lead to complete remission within 8-10 weeks

    Schnauzer Comedo Syndrome (Schnauzer Bumps)

    • An acne-like disorder of follicular keratinization common in miniature Schnauzers
    • Characterized by nonpainful, nonpruritic comedones (blackheads) and crusted papules located on the back between the shoulders and the sacrum
    • Lesions may become secondarily infected, causing widespread papular eruption and pruritus
    • Treatment involves cleansing with human acne pads, chlorhexidine/miconazole pledgets, or 2% benzoyl peroxide gel
    • Systemic antibiotics are administered for 3-4 weeks for secondary pyoderma

    Familial Footpad Hyperkeratosis

    • A genetic skin disorder characterized by severe hyperkeratosis and crusting of the footpads
    • Can result in disfigurement
    • Found in a family of Dogues de Bordeaux
    • No specific treatment exists, but regular trimming of fast-growing nails is recommended

    Facial Dermatitis of Persian Cats

    • Facial skin disease of unclear cause found in Persian and Himalayan cats
    • Characterized by black, waxy debris that mats the hair around the eyes, mouth, or chin
    • Nonpruritic initially, but moderate to severe pruritus develops as lesions progress
    • Exudative and erythematous facial folds are also common
    • Most often found in older kittens and young adult cats

    Canine Uveodermatologic Syndrome

    • This is an immune-mediated disease characterized by ocular and cutaneous lesions.
    • Ocular signs include uveitis and chorioretinitis.
    • Cutaneous signs include depigmentation, alopecia, and lichenoid interface dermatitis.
    • Histopathology reveals pigmentary incontinence and lichenoid interface dermatitis with large histiocytes, small mononuclear cells, and multinucleated giant cells.
    • Treatment involves corticosteroids, azathioprine, tetracycline–niacinamide, or cyclophosphamide.
    • Prognosis is guarded to fair. Lifelong therapy is usually needed, and control can be difficult to maintain. Uveitis needs to be treated early and aggressively because untreated uveitis can lead to glaucoma, cataracts, and blindness.
    • Cutaneous depigmentation is usually a cosmetic problem but can be permanent or partially improved in some cases.

    Parasympathetic Nasal Hyperkeratosis

    • An idiopathic condition characterized by excessive, adherent, keratinaceous debris on the dorsal aspect of the nasal planum.
    • Lesions may be unilateral or bilateral.
    • The nasal planum can be affected by concurrent KCS or otitis, causing nerve damage.
    • Diagnosis is made through ruling out other differentials, like autoimmune skin diseases, distemper, zinc-responsive dermatosis, and leishmaniasis.
    • Treatment varies based on lesion severity, ranging from benign neglect to hydration and softening agents like petroleum jelly, A&D diaper rash ointment, or salicylic acid–sodium lactate–urea gel.
    • Prognosis is generally good.

    Zinc-Responsive Dermatosis

    • This condition is characterized by crusting, scaling, erythema, and alopecia, primarily around the eyes and mouth.
    • It is higher in young adult Northern breeds like Siberian huskies, Boston terriers, Samoyeds, and Alaskan malamutes, and in young, growing puppies.
    • It is associated with dietary zinc deficiency due to a diet low in zinc, mineral antagonisms like excessive calcium supplementation, or high phytate content (e.g., cereal or soy-based).
    • Diagnosis involves ruling out other differentials and often includes zinc supplementation.
    • Treatment includes zinc methionine or zinc sulfate (2–3 mg/kg/day of elemental zinc) PO with food.
    • Prognosis is typically good, but lifetime zinc supplementation may be necessary.

    Familial Footpad Hyperkeratosis

    • An autosomal recessive disorder affecting Irish terriers, Dogues de Bordeaux, and Kerry blue terriers.
    • It causes marked digital hyperkeratosis after 5 to 6 months of age.
    • Footpads appear normal at birth, but by 4 to 6 months of age develop marked hyperkeratosis, thickened, hard, and cracked footpads.
    • Treatment includes foot soaks in 50% propylene glycol and frequent filing of the footpads, topical salicylic acid and urea products may be beneficial.
    • Prognosis is variable.

    Hepatocutaneous Syndrome

    • Poor prognosis for animals with chronic hepatic disease or metastatic pancreatic neoplasia.
    • Survival time after onset of skin lesions is typically only a few months.
    • Severe bacterial and yeast pododermatitis commonly complicate the clinical presentation.
    • Alopecia and crusting dermatitis are common on the nasal planum and muzzle.
    • Similar lesions to those found in autoimmune skin disease.
    • Hyperkeratosis and crusting of foot pads are common findings.
    • Lesions around mucous membranes are frequently observed.
    • Perianal dermatitis is often apparent.

    Vitiligo

    • Depigmentation on the eyelids, nasal planum, muzzle, and lips.
    • Normal tissue architecture remains unchanged, with minimal inflammation.

    Canine Uveodermatologic Syndrome

    • Immune-mediated and hereditary factors contribute to the development of the syndrome.
    • Autoantibodies target melanocytes, resulting in granulomatous panuveitis, leukoderma, and leukotrichia.
    • Rare in dogs, with a higher incidence in young adults and middle-aged dogs.
    • Akitas are more prone to the syndrome, along with other breeds including Siberian husky, Samoyed, chow chow, Irish setter, Dachshund, fox terrier, Shetland Sheep dog, St.Bernard, Old English sheepdog, and Brazilian Fila dog.

    Callus

    • Embedded hairs are commonly found in chronic calluses.
    • Dilated cystic follicles develop due to chronic pressure and obstruction of the follicular opening.
    • Follicles become plugged (comedones), leading to secondary infection and potential rupture, resulting in furunculosis.

    Feline Acne

    • Disorder of follicular keratinization and glandular hyperplasia.
    • Asymptmatic comedones (blackheads) appear on the chin, lower lip, and occasionally the upper lip.
    • Papules, pustules, furunculosis, and cellulitis may develop if lesions become infected.
    • Severe cases can lead to edema, thickened skin, cysts, and scarring.

    Vitamin A–Responsive Dermatosis

    • Greasy, poor-quality fur coat is a characteristic feature.
    • Generalized skin lesions with scales and follicular casts.

    Schnauzer Comedo Syndrome

    • Common acne-like disorder of follicular keratinization in miniature schnauzers.
    • Nonpainful, nonpruritic comedones (blackheads) and crusted papules on the dorsal midline of the back.
    • Secondary infection can cause widespread papular eruption and pruritus

    Tail Gland Hyperplasia

    • Partial alopecia with greasy, poor-quality fur coat on the dorsal tail region.
    • Alopecia and comedone formation due to hypertrophy of the tail gland.
    • Discoloration of skin and hair caused by abnormal glandular secretion.

    Sebaceous Adenitis

    • Destructive inflammatory disease of sebaceous glands.
    • Uncommon in dogs, with a higher incidence in standard poodles, Hungarian vizslas, Akitas, and Samoyeds.
    • Autosomal recessive inheritance suspected in standard poodles and Akitas.

    Canine Uveodermatologic Syndrome

    • This syndrome is characterized by sterile uveitis and chorioretinitis.
    • It presents with pigmentary incontinence and lichenoid interface dermatitis, with large histiocytes, small mononuclear cells, and multinucleated giant cells.
    • Plasma cells and lymphocytes may be present, but are less common.
    • The condition progresses over several years and can cause depigmentation of the skin.
    • The prognosis is guarded to fair with lifelong therapy typically necessary.

    Idiopathic Nasodigital Hyperkeratosis

    • A common condition characterized by hyperkeratosis and crusting on the footpads.
    • May also cause thickening and crusting of the footpads.
    • Keratinic fronds may form on the nasal planum.
    • The condition is not usually pruritic or painful.

    Hereditary Nasal Parakeratosis

    • A familial dermatosis that affects Labrador retrievers.
    • The condition is clinically manageable, but incurable.
    • The condition is suspected to be autosomal recessive.
    • Typically presents between 6 and 12 months of age with grayish or brownish adherent keratinaceous debris on the dorsal aspect of the nasal planum.

    Canine Primary Seborrhea

    • This disease is characterized by alopecia, seborrhea, and scales.
    • May also include crusting, erythema, follicular casts, and lichenification.
    • Alopecia may affect the entire cutaneous surface, including the eyelid margins.
    • Hyperkeratosis of the footpads is a common finding.

    Tail Gland Hyperplasia

    • A condition that causes alopecia and comedone formation.
    • The condition may be accompanied by discoloration of the skin and hair due to abnormal glandular secretions.

    Sebaceous Adenitis

    • This disease is characterized by destructive inflammation of sebaceous glands.
    • The highest incidence is reported in young adult to middle-aged Standard poodles, Hungarian Vizslas, Akitas, and Samoyeds.
    • The condition is suspected to be autosomal recessive in Standard poodles and Akitas.
    • The disease can also be a complication of liver disease.
    • It is generally characterized by alopecia, seborrhea, scaling, hyperkeratosis, and crusting.
    • Footpads are often hyperkeratotic, fissured, and ulcerated.
    • Systemic signs of liver disease can include polydipsia, polyuria, and a non-regenerative anemia.
    • The most common differential diagnoses are cutaneous epitheliotropic lymphoma, pemphigus foliaceus or vulgaris, systemic lupus erythematosus, drug eruptions, severe furunculosis, and zinc-responsive dermatosis.

    Hereditary Nasal Parakeratosis

    • Occurs in Labrador Retrievers
    • Mild, scaly lesions on the nasal planum and foot pads
    • Affected dogs are otherwise healthy
    • Diagnosis is via dermatohistopathology: parakeratosis, protein accumulation between keratinocytes
    • Treatments include topical retinoids (used twice daily until improvement) and oral prednisone (but long-term use is problematic due to side effects)

    Parasympathetic Nasal Hyperkeratosis (Xeromycteria: Dry Nose)

    • Characterized by dry, firm nasal planum
    • Often associated with excessive licking
    • Diagnosis: Dermatohistopathology - epidermal hyperplasia with hyperkeratosis

    Vitamin A–Responsive Dermatosis

    • Rare, mostly found in young American Cocker Spaniels
    • Features include follicular plugging, crusting, and keratinaceous plaques on ventral and lateral chest and abdomen
    • Pruritus and dull hair coat is also common
    • Diagnosis is made via dermatological examination and ruling out other differentials
    • Can be treated with commercially balanced dog food and vitamin A supplements
    • Prognosis is good with treatment, but recurring infections are common

    Canine Ear Margin Dermatosis

    • Occurs on ear margins
    • Features: alopecia, crusting, scaling and notch defects
    • Diagnosis can be made clinically
    • Treatment is variable, but can include topical therapy, ear cropping, and vasculitis treatment
    • Prognosis is variable, but can be controlled with treatment

    Zinc-Responsive Dermatosis

    • A zinc deficiency -induced skin condition
    • Features: alopecia, scaling with hyperkeratotic plaques
    • Diagnosis is made clinically
    • Treatment includes supplementation with zinc and dietary changes
    • Prognosis is good with treatment

    Hepatocutaneous Syndrome

    • Also known as Superficial Necrolytic Dermatitis
    • Occurs with chronic liver disease or glucagon-secreting pancreatic tumors
    • Features include symmetrical, pruritic lesions, scaling, and ulceration affecting various parts of the body, including limbs, mouth, and genitalia
    • Diagnosis is via liver function tests and dermatohistopathology
    • Treatment includes treating secondary infections as well as addressing the underlying cause
    • Prognosis is dependent on the underlying cause

    Familial Footpad Hyperkeratosis

    • A familial disorder resulting in severe footpad hyperkeratosis
    • Occurs mostly in Irish Terriers, Dogues de Bordeaux, and Kerry Blue Terriers
    • Hyperkeratosis develops around 4-6 months of age and affects all footpads
    • Diagnosed clinically and by dermatohistopathology
    • Prognosis is good with treatment, including foot soaks, filing, and topical treatments

    Canine Uveodermatologic Syndrome

    • Canine Uveodermatologic Syndrome is a rare, but serious, autoimmune disease that impacts both the eyes (uveitis) and skin (depigmentation).
    • Ocular signs include uveitis, chorioretinitis, conjunctivitis, and serous ocular discharge.
    • Skin signs include well-demarcated symmetrical depigmentation of the nose, lips, and eyelids. Less commonly, the scrotum, vulva, anus, footpads, and hard palate may also be depigmented.
    • The condition may progress to cause cataracts, iris bombe, secondary glaucoma, and blindness.
    • Treatment aims for controlling both the eye and skin symptoms.
      • Topical cycloplegics (1% atropine ophthalmic solution) are used to treat the uveitis.
      • Immunosuppressive doses of oral prednisone or methylprednisolone are often required.
      • In refractory cases, alternative glucocorticoids like triamcinolone and dexamethasone may be used.
      • If systemic glucocorticoids are ineffective or adverse effects arise, immunosuppressants like cyclosporine, azathioprine, tetracycline/niacinamide, or cyclophosphamide may help.
    • Prognosis is guarded to fair. Lifelong therapy is typically needed.
    • Uncontrolled uveitis can lead to serious complications such as glaucoma, cataracts, and blindness.
    • Cutaneous depigmentation is usually a cosmetic problem and can be permanent or partially improve.

    Hereditary Nasal Parakeratosis of Labrador Retrievers

    • This condition primarily affects Labrador Retrievers with a genetic basis.
    • The primary symptom is hyperkeratosis and crusting on the nasal planum.
    • The exact cause is unknown, but it is believed to be a metabolic disorder.
    • Diagnosis is based on signalment, history, and clinical findings, along with cytology of the nasal crusts and dermatohistopathology.
    • No specific treatment is available, but regular cleansing of the nasal planum with a damp cloth or shampoo may help.
    • Prognosis is good with routine care.

    Parasympathetic Nasal Hyperkeratosis (Xeromycteria: Dry Nose)

    • Parasympathetic Nasal Hyperkeratosis is a condition characterized by excessive keratin production in the nose leading to dryness.
    • It can also affect ears, leading to a build-up of soft, greasy, keratinaceous debris along the ear margins.
    • Symptoms may progress over time to include:
      • Alopecia of the ear margins
      • Crusting, cracking, ulceration, and fissuring of ear margins
      • Painful lesions that may induce head shaking
    • Diagnosis is based on history, clinical findings, and ruling out other differentials.
    • Treatment aims to manage symptoms:
      • Frequent ear cleaning with warm water to remove accumulated debris
      • A moisturizer can be applied after each cleaning.
      • Topical corticosteroids if inflammation is present.
      • Oral essential fatty acids, vitamin A, or zinc supplementation may be beneficial.
      • Treatment options also include vitamin E, tetracycline, doxycycline, niacinamide, and pentoxifylline.

    Canine Seborrhea

    • Canine Seborrhea is a generalized skin disorder characterized by excessive scaling and dandruff.
    • Symptoms vary depending on the dog's coat type, but typically include:
      • Scaling on the dorsum of the back, neck, head, face, ears, and tail.
      • Fine, nonadherent scales in short-coated dogs.
      • Tightly adherent scales, dull, dry, or matted haircoat in long-coated dogs.
      • Annular or patchy alopecia in short-haired dogs, diffuse alopecia in long-haired dogs.
      • Loss of undercoat in long-haired dogs.
    • Pruritus is uncommon unless a secondary bacterial or Malassezia infection develops.
    • Diagnosis is based on ruling out other differentials and recognizing the clinical signs.
    • Treatment aims to manage symptoms and control scaling:
      • Regular bathing with medicated shampoos containing selenium sulfide, benzoyl peroxide, or salicylic acid.
      • Oral medications, including vitamin A, cyclosporine, tetracycline and niacinamide, prednisone, isotretinoin, and acitretin, have variable success rates and may be used.
    • Prognosis is typically good with ongoing management, but recurrent episodes are common.

    Callus

    • Callus is a hyperplastic skin reaction, a localized thickening of the skin due to pressure or friction.
    • It is common in dogs, especially large and giant breeds.
    • Commonly affects elbows, hocks, and sterna (deep-chested dogs).
    • A round to oval, alopecic, hyperpigmented, hyperkeratotic, hyperplastic plaque forms.
    • Ingrown hairs are a common cause of recurrent infection in calluses.
    • Treatment typically involves topical antiseptics, antibiotics, DMSO, and removing ingrown hairs.
    • Immunosuppressive doses of oral prednisone can be effective, but long-term use is required.
    • Prognosis for cure is poor, but dogs can enjoy a good quality of life with symptomatic therapy.

    Hereditary Nasal Parakeratosis of Labrador Retrievers

    • A genetic skin disorder that primarily affects Labrador Retrievers.
    • Characterized by severe crusting and hyperkeratosis, covering the entire nasal planum.

    Parasympathetic Nasal Hyperkeratosis (Xeromycteria: Dry Nose)

    • A condition characterized by hyperkeratosis of the nasal planum.
    • It is often associated with nasal discharge and sneezing.
    • The exact cause is unknown, but it is believed to be related to an autoimmune disorder.
    • Diagnosis is based on clinical signs and histopathology.
    • Treatment typically involves topical medications, such as keratolytics, antiseptics.

    Vitamin A–Responsive Dermatosis

    • A rare, incompletely understood disorder of keratinization.
    • Most likely a mild variant of canine primary seborrhea.
    • Responds completely to treatment with high doses of vitamin A.
    • Commonly found in young American Cocker Spaniels.
    • Characterized by follicular plugging, crusting, and keratinaceous frondlike plaques.
    • Lesions are most commonly found on the ventral and lateral aspects of the chest and abdomen.
    • Mild to moderate pruritus, dull dry hair coat, rancid body odor, and generalized scaling can occur.
    • Concurrent ceruminous otitis externa is common.
    • Treatment typically includes high doses of vitamin A, addressing secondary bacterial and Malassezia infections, and symptomatic control of seborrhea and otitis externa.

    Zinc-Responsive Dermatosis

    • A condition characterized by alopecia, hyperkeratosis, and seborrhea.
    • Typically affects dogs, but can also affect other animals.
    • The exact cause is unknown, but it is believed to be related to a deficiency in zinc.
    • Lesions are most commonly found on the face, nose, feet, and abdomen.
    • Treatment typically involves supplementing with zinc, addressing underlying causes, and controlling secondary infections.

    Tail Gland Hyperplasia (Stud Tail)

    • A seborrheic condition associated with hyperplastic sebaceous glands in the tail gland area (dogs, cats) or the perianal region (dogs).
    • In dogs, it may be localized or associated with a generalized primary or secondary seborrheic disorder.
    • Intact males are predisposed.
    • Treatment typically involves addressing underlying causes (if generalized seborrhea is present), controlling secondary infections, and addressing specific signs.

    Vitiligo

    • Characterized by depigmentation of skin (leukoderma) or hair (leukotrichia)
    • Lesions often affect nose, lips, face, buccal mucosa, and footpads
    • Uncommon in dogs, most prevalent in Belgian Tervurens, German Shepherds, Rottweilers, and Doberman Pinschers
    • Rare in cats, most prevalent in Siamese cats
    • No proven treatment, but treatments for autoimmune skin diseases may be beneficial
    • L-phenylalanine (50 mg/kg orally every 24 hours) may be effective
    • Prognosis is good; cosmetic disease, doesn't affect quality of life
    • Depigmentation is usually permanent, but spontaneous repigmentation may occur

    Hereditary Nasal Parakeratosis of Labrador Retrievers

    • Occurs on the nasal planum of Labrador Retrievers
    • Causes crusting and hyperkeratosis on the nose
    • Mildly pruritic and generally appears in young adults
    • Usually found in combination with scaly and crusty lesions on the bridge of the nose and hyperkeratotic footpads
    • Not a life-threatening condition

    Parasympathetic Nasal Hyperkeratosis (Xeromycteria: Dry Nose)

    • Dryness of the nasal planum is a common finding in dogs
    • Causes partial alopecia and seborrheic dermatitis on the ventral abdomen
    • Characterized by marked orthokeratotic or parakeratotic hyperkeratosis

    Canine Primary Seborrhea

    • Characterized by greasy hair, scales, crusts, erythema, and follicular casts
    • Affects the entire cutaneous surface area
    • Causes hyperkeratosis on the footpads and alopecia
    • Can be focal or generalized
    • Treatment involves fatty acid supplementation, vitamin A administration, and medicated shampoos
    • Lifelong vitamin A therapy is usually needed to manage the condition

    Schnauzer Comedo Syndrome (Schnauzer Bumps)

    • Common acne-like disorder of follicular keratinization in miniature Schnauzers
    • Characterized by nonpainful, nonpruritic comedones and crusted papules
    • Lesions typically appear on the dorsal midline of the back
    • Secondary infection can lead to a widespread papular eruption and pruritus
    • Treatment involves cleansing with human acne pads, chlorhexidine/miconazole pledgets, or 2% benzoyl peroxide gel
    • Mild to moderate lesions may benefit from cleansing with medicated shampoo
    • Vitamin A (8000 to 10,000 IU/20 lb orally every 24 hours) may be beneficial
    • Prognosis is good, usually readily controlled with treatment

    Canine Ear Margin Dermatosis

    • Common idiopathic seborrheic condition of ear margins in dogs with pendulous ears
    • Can be treated with medicated shampoos and cleansing
    • Regular cleansing can eliminate debris and control the condition

    Bilateral Uveitis

    • Bilateral uveitis is a condition that affects the middle layer of the eye, known as the uvea.
    • It can be caused by various factors, including toxins, infections, trauma, neoplasia, and immune-mediated disease.

    Skin Depigmentation

    • Skin depigmentation is characterized by the loss of skin pigmentation.
    • Possible causes include vitiligo, other autoimmune skin diseases, and cutaneous lymphoma.

    Parasympathetic Nasal Hyperkeratosis

    • Clinical Features - Asymmetrical (only half) crusting pattern.
    • Description - The nasal planum is dry and crusted due to a lack of normal nasal gland secretions.

    Canine Primary Seborrhea

    • A hereditary disorder of keratinization.
    • Common in dogs, with a higher incidence in certain breeds such as American cocker spaniels, English springer spaniels, West Highland white terriers, and basset hounds.
    • Clinical Signs - Dull, dry, lusterless hair coat, excessive scaling, follicular casts, scaly and crusty seborrheic patches and plaques, greasy, malodorous skin.
    • Most of the body is involved to some degree.
    • Pruritus is mild to intense.
    • Ceruminous otitis externa is common.

    Canine Primary Seborrhea in Dogs

    • Lesions are slowly enlarging, asymptomatic, oval, raised areas of hair loss on the dorsum of the tail.
    • The affected skin may be scaly, greasy, and hyperpigmented.

    Canine Primary Seborrhea in Cats

    • A bandlike strip of matted hair or an accumulation of waxy, seborrheic debris occurs along the dorsum of the tail.
    • The affected skin may become hyperpigmented or partially alopecic.

    Sebaceous Adenitis

    • Clinical Features - Generalized alopecia and erythema.
    • Description - Occurs when the sebaceous glands in the skin are inflamed and damaged.

    Lentigo

    • Lentigo is a benign skin condition characterized by flat, pigmented macules or patches of skin.
    • It is common in dogs, particularly in middle-aged to older dogs.
    • In dogs, lentigo appears as one or more macules on the ventral abdomen and chest.
    • It is uncommon in cats, with the highest incidence in young orange cats.
    • In cats, multiple black macules can appear on the lips, gingiva, pinnae, and eyelids.

    Postinflammatory Hyperpigmentation

    • Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation is a type of hyperpigmentation that occurs after an underlying skin disease, such as pyoderma, demodicosis, dermatophytosis, or hypersensitivity.
    • It can manifest as focal, patchy, or diffuse hyperpigmentation.

    Canine Uveodermatologic Syndrome

    • This syndrome is characterized by bilateral uveitis and depigmentation of the nose, lips, and eyelids.
    • Ocular signs develop shortly before, concurrently with, or after depigmentation.
    • Ocular signs may include tophobia, anterior uveitis, keratic precipitates, hyphema, chorioretinitis, conjunctivitis, serous ocular discharge, and retinal detachment.
    • Other potential signs include cataracts, iris bombe, secondary glaucoma, and blindness.
    • In some cases, the scrotum, vulva, anus, footpads, and hard palate may also be depigmented.
    • Rarely, skin lesions become eroded, ulcerated, and crusted.
    • Generalized skin and hair coat depigmentation may develop in some dogs.

    Nasal Depigmentation (Dudley Nose, Snow Nose)

    • Nasal depigmentation involves a loss of pigmentation on the nose, lips, and eyelids.
    • It is thought to be due to an autoimmune process.
    • The condition may be associated with parasympathetic dysfunction, leading to a loss of function of the nasal gland.
    • Concurrent keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) may indicate damage to the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers.
    • Lesions can be unilateral or bilateral, and may involve grayish or brownish adherent keratin on the dorsal aspect of the nasal planum.
    • The condition may remain stable, wax and wane, or progressively worsen.
    • Affected dogs should be evaluated for KCS and otitis.

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    Small Animal Dermatology, A Color Atlas and Therapeutic Guide, 4th Edition PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers various skin conditions in dogs, including calluses, hereditary nasal parakeratosis, parasympathetic nasal hyperkeratosis, and canine primary seborrhea. Learn about the causes, symptoms, and potential treatments for these conditions. Ideal for pet owners and veterinary students alike.

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