Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which province joined Canada last among the listed ones?
Which province joined Canada last among the listed ones?
What was a condition expected from First Nations groups in the treaties negotiated by the federal government?
What was a condition expected from First Nations groups in the treaties negotiated by the federal government?
What was the primary purpose of the Dominion Lands Act of 1872?
What was the primary purpose of the Dominion Lands Act of 1872?
What did the federal government prioritize when negotiating treaties with First Nations?
What did the federal government prioritize when negotiating treaties with First Nations?
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What was the outcome of the Metis Resistance in Manitoba during 1869-1870?
What was the outcome of the Metis Resistance in Manitoba during 1869-1870?
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What was a requirement for settlers to claim ownership of land under the Dominion Lands Act?
What was a requirement for settlers to claim ownership of land under the Dominion Lands Act?
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Which year marked the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway?
Which year marked the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway?
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What issue contributed to a lack of law enforcement in the West?
What issue contributed to a lack of law enforcement in the West?
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What significant change did industrialization bring to the Canadian workforce?
What significant change did industrialization bring to the Canadian workforce?
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What was one of the requirements for industrialization to occur in Canada?
What was one of the requirements for industrialization to occur in Canada?
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Which event is most associated with the significant population growth of Winnipeg?
Which event is most associated with the significant population growth of Winnipeg?
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What was a consequence of industrialization in Canadian cities?
What was a consequence of industrialization in Canadian cities?
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Which group primarily organized the unions in Winnipeg in the early 1900s?
Which group primarily organized the unions in Winnipeg in the early 1900s?
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What was a common working condition for children who entered the workforce during this period?
What was a common working condition for children who entered the workforce during this period?
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What was the average workweek for laborers during this time in Canada?
What was the average workweek for laborers during this time in Canada?
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Which condition did workers face due to the lack of labor protections?
Which condition did workers face due to the lack of labor protections?
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Which natural resource was notably developed with the help of railroads in Winnipeg?
Which natural resource was notably developed with the help of railroads in Winnipeg?
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What social issue became apparent in Winnipeg as a result of industrialization?
What social issue became apparent in Winnipeg as a result of industrialization?
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What was a significant outcome of the 1919 situation in Winnipeg?
What was a significant outcome of the 1919 situation in Winnipeg?
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In what year was Winnipeg selected as the capital of Manitoba?
In what year was Winnipeg selected as the capital of Manitoba?
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Why did many immigrants from Eastern Europe settle in Winnipeg?
Why did many immigrants from Eastern Europe settle in Winnipeg?
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What were the main issues at stake during the Winnipeg General Strike?
What were the main issues at stake during the Winnipeg General Strike?
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Who was responsible for coordinating the strike efforts?
Who was responsible for coordinating the strike efforts?
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What was the response of the government to the strike?
What was the response of the government to the strike?
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What incident escalated tensions during the strike on June 21, 1919?
What incident escalated tensions during the strike on June 21, 1919?
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What was the public perception of the strikers presented by the Citizens' Committee?
What was the public perception of the strikers presented by the Citizens' Committee?
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What was one consequence faced by strikers after the government intervention?
What was one consequence faced by strikers after the government intervention?
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What was the final decision made by the workers on June 25, 1919?
What was the final decision made by the workers on June 25, 1919?
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What significant change for Canadian workers occurred after WWII related to the events of the strike?
What significant change for Canadian workers occurred after WWII related to the events of the strike?
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What was one of the main purposes of creating the North-West Mounted Police in 1873?
What was one of the main purposes of creating the North-West Mounted Police in 1873?
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What significant scandal led to PM Macdonald's resignation?
What significant scandal led to PM Macdonald's resignation?
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What was one of the main goals of the National Policy introduced by Macdonald?
What was one of the main goals of the National Policy introduced by Macdonald?
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Which group of immigrants did Sifton primarily target during his campaign?
Which group of immigrants did Sifton primarily target during his campaign?
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What impact did the Pacific Scandal have on the Canadian government?
What impact did the Pacific Scandal have on the Canadian government?
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What role did the transcontinental railroad play in Macdonald's vision for Canada?
What role did the transcontinental railroad play in Macdonald's vision for Canada?
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How did Sifton address the challenge of attracting immigrants to Western Canada?
How did Sifton address the challenge of attracting immigrants to Western Canada?
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What was one significant outcome of the National Policy regarding tariffs?
What was one significant outcome of the National Policy regarding tariffs?
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What demographic shift occurred in Western Canada from 1871 to 1891?
What demographic shift occurred in Western Canada from 1871 to 1891?
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What major challenge did Canada face in attracting immigrants during the economic depression?
What major challenge did Canada face in attracting immigrants during the economic depression?
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What was one consequence of the increased immigration to Canada in the early 1900s?
What was one consequence of the increased immigration to Canada in the early 1900s?
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Which of the following groups faced restrictions or challenges in immigrating to Canada?
Which of the following groups faced restrictions or challenges in immigrating to Canada?
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Which Eastern European group was noted for being a good fit for farming in Western Canada due to their background?
Which Eastern European group was noted for being a good fit for farming in Western Canada due to their background?
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What misconception about immigration did some Canadians hold during the 1900s?
What misconception about immigration did some Canadians hold during the 1900s?
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Study Notes
Canada's Expansion and Settlement
- Macdonald aimed to expand Canada from coast to coast (A Mari usque ad Mare)
- Manitoba (1870), British Columbia (1871), PEI (1873) became provinces
- North West Territories Act (1875) created NWT
- Canada gained Arctic Islands (1880)
- Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) completed (1885)
- Yukon Territory formed (1898)
- Saskatchewan and Alberta joined as provinces (1905)
Settling the West
- Western Canada had existing settlements (Métis, Indigenous, Inuit, some Europeans)
- Metis Resistance (1869-1870) in Manitoba
- Treaties with Indigenous groups to clear land for European settlement were required
- Indigenous peoples were expected to surrender land and move to reserves
- Government promised support, but often ignored treaty obligations
Surveying the West
- Dominion Lands Act (1872) set land distribution rules for homesteaders
- Land near the railway had higher costs
- Settlers needed to occupy and improve land for three years to claim ownership
Policing the West
- Law enforcement needed in the West
- Border conflicts with US traders
- North-West Mounted Police established in 1873 to address the issues
CPR and a Nation
- Macdonald envisioned a transcontinental railroad for national unity and to prevent US annexation
- Railway contract awarded (1873), but led to the Pacific Scandal and Macdonald resigned
- Alexander Mackenzie (Liberal) became PM during an economic downturn, hindering railway progress
The National Policy
- Macdonald's National Policy (1878) aimed to foster national growth and trade
- Includes tariffs to protect Canadian industries and a transcontinental railroad
- Facilitated immigration for settlement and national growth
Immigration and Settlement
- Canada marketed for immigrant farmers in Europe, but emigration to the US was high
- Western Canada's population grew dramatically, from 43,000 (1871) to 250,000 (1891)
- Immigration came from various groups i.e. Mennonites from Russia, Icelanders, eastern Europeans
Laurier's Vision of Canada (1896-1911)
- Laurier's Liberal government aimed to encourage more immigration, improved farming technology
- Clifford Sifton (Minister of the Interior) targeted immigrants for Western expansion
- International wheat prices rising drove immigration
Sifton's Campaign
- Government advertisement campaigns to promote western Canada, with promises of free land
- Sifton focused efforts on Eastern European farmers
- Immigration increased dramatically (1891-1902, and 1902-1914)
- Eastern European immigrants (Doukhobors, Ukrainians, Jews) attracted to Canadian opportunities
Welcome, Or Not?
- Increasing immigration, but restrictions rose against "unwelcome" groups
- Unofficial exclusions of African Americans, Sikhs, and quotas for Japanese immigrants
- Chinese immigrants faced restrictive head taxes and immigration bans
- Post-WW1, immigration from communist countries prohibited
The Impact of Multiculturalism
- Early 1900's Canada was not prepared for multiculturalism, with tensions arising from cultural assimilation
- Population growth (5 million in 1900, 10 million by 1920's) occurred despite potential cultural conflict
Economic Changes and Industrialization
- Transition from primary to secondary industries (farming to manufacturing)
- Population growth, transportation, and investment in industry fuelled industrialization
- Hydroelectric power development for industry
- Positive and negative changes brought by industrialization
Population and Economic Growth
- Canada's economy grew, as the number of Canadians in urban centers rose, leading to industrial growth
- Urban centers grew dramatically i.e., Winnipeg (250 in 1871 to 42,000 in 1900)
- Industrialization increased standards of living, but also created a working class
History of Winnipeg
- Capital of Manitoba
- Population boom during the 1890s and afterward
- Significant immigration from Eastern Europe
- Growing class divide and conflicts due to wealth disparity
Building Tensions in Winnipeg
- Physical and financial divides created high tensions leading up to WWI
- Workers' unionization, high cost of living, and unemployment led to discontent and strikes
Railroad Town
- Winnipeg's growth was strongly linked to the railroad
- Wheat transport, job creation, and industrial development in Winnipeg were driven by railroad expansion
Unions
- Winnipeg's population (136,000 in 1911) included immigrants and workers from British trades and unions; led to union formation
- Early labour disputes and union formation set the stage for the 1919 Winnipeg General Strike
Dissatisfaction
- Dissatisfaction with working and living conditions across the West led to the General Strike
- Previous strikes (railway, streetcar) in Winnipeg added to discontent
The Winnipeg General Strike
- Began May 15, 1919, with nearly 30,000 workers striking for improved conditions
- Negotiated with employers, supported by the Winnipeg Trades and Labour Council
- Faced opposition (Citizens' Committee of 1,000) and government intervention
- Government support for the opposition, resulted in an end to the strike, arrests and trials
- Impact: Largest social revolt in Canadian history, and a catalyst for labour rights.
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Description
Explore the significant events in Canada's expansion and settlement from the establishment of provinces to the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway. This quiz covers treaties made with Indigenous groups, the Métis resistance, and land distribution policies. Test your knowledge of Canada's journey from coast to coast.
