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Questions and Answers
What is the pH range considered acidic?
What is the pH range considered acidic?
Which of the following has a pH value of 1.2?
Which of the following has a pH value of 1.2?
What is the pH of most plants' preferred soil?
What is the pH of most plants' preferred soil?
Which statement about pH is correct?
Which statement about pH is correct?
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What does a substance with a pH of 9 indicate?
What does a substance with a pH of 9 indicate?
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What is the pH of hydrochloric acid found in the stomach?
What is the pH of hydrochloric acid found in the stomach?
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What major classes of organic molecules are all cells made from?
What major classes of organic molecules are all cells made from?
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Structurally, plant and animal cells are very similar because they are both:
Structurally, plant and animal cells are very similar because they are both:
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What is a major structural difference between plant and animal cells?
What is a major structural difference between plant and animal cells?
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Which organelle is typically found in animal cells but rarely seen in plant cells?
Which organelle is typically found in animal cells but rarely seen in plant cells?
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What type of organisms do prokaryotic cells include?
What type of organisms do prokaryotic cells include?
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Which type of cells contain membrane-bound compartments called organelles?
Which type of cells contain membrane-bound compartments called organelles?
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What does the equilibrium constant reveal about a weak acid or a buffer?
What does the equilibrium constant reveal about a weak acid or a buffer?
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How can the pH of a buffer solution be calculated?
How can the pH of a buffer solution be calculated?
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What determines the effectiveness of a buffer solution?
What determines the effectiveness of a buffer solution?
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What is the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation used for in buffer calculations?
What is the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation used for in buffer calculations?
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How is pH calculated from the H3O+ concentration in an equilibrium solution?
How is pH calculated from the H3O+ concentration in an equilibrium solution?
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What must be approximately equal for a buffer to be most effective?
What must be approximately equal for a buffer to be most effective?
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What is the process where substances move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?
What is the process where substances move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?
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Which process involves the movement of water into or out of cells?
Which process involves the movement of water into or out of cells?
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What is the importance of diffusion in living things?
What is the importance of diffusion in living things?
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Which cellular transport process involves the use of carrier proteins to facilitate substance movement?
Which cellular transport process involves the use of carrier proteins to facilitate substance movement?
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In dynamic homeostasis, how do cells maintain specific internal environments?
In dynamic homeostasis, how do cells maintain specific internal environments?
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Which video exemplifies the comparison between active and passive transport?
Which video exemplifies the comparison between active and passive transport?
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What is the most accurate method for measuring pH?
What is the most accurate method for measuring pH?
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What did Danish biochemist Søren Peter Lauritz Sørensen propose in 1909 regarding pH calculation?
What did Danish biochemist Søren Peter Lauritz Sørensen propose in 1909 regarding pH calculation?
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In which units is the hydrogen ion concentration represented in the pH equation?
In which units is the hydrogen ion concentration represented in the pH equation?
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Why is the color change observed on pH test strips different?
Why is the color change observed on pH test strips different?
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Which method is generally used in schools and labs for measuring pH?
Which method is generally used in schools and labs for measuring pH?
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What can affect the accuracy of pH test kits?
What can affect the accuracy of pH test kits?
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Study Notes
Buffer Solutions
- The pH of a buffer solution can be calculated using the equilibrium constant (K) and the initial concentration of the acid.
- The equilibrium constant (K) reveals the strength of the weak acid or the buffer.
- An effective buffer should be made of an acid and its conjugate base or a base and its conjugate acid with similar Ka values to the desired pH.
- The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is used to determine the exact ratio of the conjugate base to the acid for the desired pH.
pH Calculation
- pH can be calculated from the concentration of [H+] using the equation: pH = - log ([H+])
- The pH of a solution can be calculated using the Ka value and the equilibrium equation.
pH Values
- A pH value around 7 is considered neutral.
- pH values range from 0 (acidic) to 14 (basic).
- The closer the pH is to 0 or 14, the greater its acidity or basicity, respectively.
- Many common cleaners are basic, with a very high pH.
- Blood is close to neutral but is slightly basic.
- Most fruits, vegetables, and body fluids are acidic.
pH Measurement
- pH can be measured using pH paper or a pH meter.
- pH paper test strips can be used to test the pH of substances, with the color of the test strips corresponding to a pH range.
- pH test kits are available to test liquids, but may be affected by other chemicals in a sample.
- pH meters are more accurate than test papers or kits, but require calibration.
pH Equation
- The pH equation was proposed in 1909 by Søren Peter Lauritz Sørensen: pH = - log [H+]
- The equation calculates the pH of a solution based on the hydrogen ion concentration in units of moles per liter.
Cell Types
- Plant cells are usually larger than animal cells and contain structures such as chloroplasts, cell walls, and large vacuoles.
- Animal cells have organelles such as centrioles, lysosomes, microvilli, cilia, and filaments that are absent in plant cells.
- Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membranous organelles, and include all bacteria and archaea.
- Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, and include fungi, animals, and plants as well as some unicellular organisms.
Cellular Transport
- Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
- Active transport involves the use of special carrier proteins to facilitate the movement of substances across cell membranes.
- Passive transport includes diffusion and facilitated diffusion.
- Osmosis is the specific movement of water into or out of cells.
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Description
Learn how to calculate the pH of a buffer solution using the equilibrium constant and initial acid concentration. Understand how the equilibrium constant indicates the strength of a weak acid or buffer, and how to determine the concentration of [H+] using Ka. Explore how the pH can be calculated from [H+] concentration, and what makes a buffer effective.
