C++ Programming Fundamentals

C++ Programming Fundamentals

• C++ programs utilize functions, one of which is main
• Identifiers are composed of letters, digits, and underscores
• Arithmetic operators include: +, -, *, /, % (modulus)
• Arithmetic expressions follow specific precedence rules
• Variables are memory locations whose contents can change
• Constants hold fixed values and cannot be changed
• Function prototypes provide function signature without body, placed before main
• Value-returning functions return specific values via return statements
• Void functions do not use a return statement
• Formal parameters are in the function definition, matched with actual parameter in the function call
• Local variables are declared within a function or block of code
• Global identifiers are declared outside of any function
• Static variables maintain their value between function calls
• Arrays hold multiple values of the same data type, accessed by index
• C-strings are null-terminated character arrays

Data Types

• Integral types: int, char, short, long, bool
• Floating-point types: float, double
• Strings: string (often used with libraries) and character arrays (C-strings)
• Enumeration types: user-defined integral types

Operators

• Arithmetic operators: +, -, *, /, % (modulus)
• Assignment operator: =
• Increment/decrement operators: ++, -- (pre- and post-)
• Comparison operators: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=
• Logical operators: && (and), || (or), ! (not)
• Conditional operator: ?: (ternary operator)

Input/Output

• cin for reading input from the console
• cout for displaying output to the console
• Manipulators (e.g., endl) to format output
• Input/Output Streams: manage input and output

Arrays

• Array initialization during declaration
• Accessing array elements by index
• Restrictions on array processing
• Multidimensional arrays: arrays of arrays
• Parallel arrays store related data in corresponding elements
• Passing arrays to functions (passed by reference)
• Using const with arrays in function parameters

C-Strings (Character Arrays)

• Null-terminated character arrays
• String comparison using strcmp function
• String input/output using cin, cout, and file streams
• String manipulation functions including strcpy, strcmp, strlen.

Functions

• Function overloading: multiple functions with the same name (different parameters)
• Function prototypes are used to declare function types ahead of function definition
• Functions are crucial for modularity
• Functions must have a return type, or be void.

Scope

• Local and global identifiers have different scopes
• Local identifiers exist only inside the function where declared.
• Global identifiers are accessible everywhere in program, except in local scope where a local identifier has the same name.
• Scope resolutions deal with conflicting identifiers

Other Concepts

• Type casting explicitly convert between data types (e.g. static_cast)
• Debugging practices, use of drivers and stubs (for testing individual functions or blocks).

Test your knowledge on C++ programming fundamentals, focusing on functions, variables, operators, and arrays. This quiz covers essential concepts including the use of main, identifiers, and function prototypes. Dive in to see how well you understand the foundational elements of C++ programming.