Desai
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Desai

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Questions and Answers

What is one reason groups of people may form identities favoring themselves during socio-economic stress?

  • To enhance educational opportunities
  • To improve global relations
  • To gain access to state resources (correct)
  • To strengthen international economies

    • Zuma and Gupta represent figures who have had equal opportunities in terms of racial privilege.

    False

    What term is used to describe individuals who live within closely knit, racially diverse communities at the economic edges?

    edge subjects

    The ongoing process of racial capitalism is described as a process of _____, rather than a single moment.

    <p>ongoingness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following individuals with their associated perceptions of racial capitalism:

    <p>Zuma = Historic privilege Gupta = Feeling discriminated against Bhattacharyya = Understanding of racial capitalism Phoenix/Inanda = New modes of dispossession</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key principle from the anti-apartheid struggle is mentioned as being raised amidst the ruins of racial capitalism?

    <p>Non-racialism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was primarily used by civilians during the riots for causing damage?

    <p>Bare hands and rudimentary tools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The riots led to significant economic improvement for local communities.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many people died as a result of the riots?

    <p>Over 500</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The riots were associated with a negative and derogatory ____ loop.

    <p>ethnic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following events with their descriptions:

    <p>Jacob Zuma's release = Pressure tactic during the riots Destruction of shops = Loss of local businesses Trampling and burning = Causes of death during the riots Hardened instigators = Organizers of the violence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the purposes of the instigators during the riots?

    <p>To make South Africa ungovernable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rioters were exclusively local to the area they caused damage in.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prompted some of the violence in the riots, according to social media observations?

    <p>Pressure to release Jacob Zuma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Billions of ____ worth of damage was done to infrastructure.

    <p>rands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Phoenix designated as during apartheid?

    <p>An Indian township</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The massacre in Phoenix involved Indian South Africans attacking African compatriots.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to the displacement of thousands of Indians to Phoenix in the 1960s?

    <p>Apartheid policies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The violent acts against Africans in Phoenix were committed by _______.

    <p>vigilante groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following groups with their actions during the events in Phoenix:

    <p>Indian South Africans = Attacked Africans African compatriots = Labelled as looters Vigilante groups = Assaulted innocents Apartheid government = Enacted separation laws</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following professions did many Indian breadwinners adopt in response to economic prospects?

    <p>Plumbing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After the fall of apartheid, a large proportion of Indian residents moved to white suburbs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the consequences of the collapse of industries that employed Indian workers?

    <p>Harder access to civil service positions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The percentage of reserved jobs for Indians under affirmative action is approximately _______.

    <p>2 percent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following historical events with their impact on the Indian community in South Africa:

    <p>Apartheid laws = Forced displacement Economic decline = Adoption of trades End of apartheid = Migration to suburbs Qualified jobs = Job reservation for Africans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many people were estimated to be killed in Phoenix?

    <p>36</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All the individuals killed in Phoenix were of Indian descent.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the names of the African settlements adjoining Phoenix mentioned in the content?

    <p>Zwelisha, Bhambhayi, Umaoti</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The violence in 1985 involved clashes between the ______ and the Inkatha Freedom Party.

    <p>ANC/UDF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the events with their years:

    <p>Clashes in Cato Manor = 1949 Indian expulsion from Inanda = 1985 Phoenix siege mentality = 2021 Majority rule in South Africa = 1994</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sparked the siege mentality in Phoenix?

    <p>Historical antagonism between communities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Police were present during the initial 20-30 hours of violence in Phoenix.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the predominant sentiment among white businesspeople towards the Indian community under minority rule?

    <p>Antipathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A viral WhatsApp message threatened to attack the ______ people town in Phoenix.

    <p>Indian</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who were the two factions involved in the conflict surrounding Inanda?

    <p>ANC/UDF and IFP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What year did Mbongeni Ngema release the song 'AmaNdiya'?

    <p>2002</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) promotes positive sentiments towards Indians.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What grassroots movement arose in Kwa-Zulu-Natal opposing perceived Indian racism?

    <p>Mazibuye African Forum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A siege mentality was created in Phoenix due to the near total absence of _____ responses.

    <p>police or army</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>AmaNdiya = Song by Mbongeni Ngema excoriating Indians Mazibuye African Forum = Grassroots movement in Kwa-Zulu-Natal opposing Indian racism Economic Freedom Fighters = Political party articulating anti-Indian sentiment Phoenix = Area affected by violence and insecurity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant factor that contributed to the anxiety among Phoenix residents?

    <p>Widespread WhatsApp messages about attacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Residents of Phoenix felt completely safe during the height of the violence.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of traditional medicine was reportedly discussed to be used against Phoenix residents?

    <p>special traditional medicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The near total absence of police contributed to a sense of _____ among Indians.

    <p>self-security</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who recorded a voice note about the incoming Zulus?

    <p>Aldino Padayachee</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The July 2021 Riots in South Africa

    • The riots were destructive, both human and financially. Over 500 people died. Billions of rands worth of damage to infrastructure.
    • The riots were not a foreign attack but were spurred by civilians looting and damaging businesses.
    • The riots had little to no impact in improving conditions for the people that participated.
    • Shops did not reopen, thousands lost jobs, and the local state had little patronage to compensate for the losses.
    • There were a few organized instigators, who directed violence through social media, and aimed to make South Africa ungovernable.
    • The primary aim for these instigators was to get the government to release former president Jacob Zuma from jail.

    The Impact of the Riots in Phoenix

    • During the riots, there was a massacre by Indian South Africans against African compatriots in Phoenix.
    • Phoenix, a township primarily made up of Indian South Africans, was a target of violence during the riots.
    • Many people died from the attacks.
    • The historical context of apartheid is important in understanding the events: There is tension between the two groups.
    • During apartheid, Indians were forced out of their homes and into Phoenix, a specially designated township.
    • After the fall of apartheid, many industries collapsed, and Indians were less able to access jobs due to Affirmative Action policies prioritizing the African population.
    • This resulted in Indians in Phoenix becoming edge-subjects of capitalism, causing tension between the two groups.
    • Many Indian people worked as tradespeople, shopkeepers, or held existing jobs in Phoenix, which was their community.
    • There was little police presence during the riots.
    • WhatsApp messages and voice notes were used to spread fear and rumors about attacks on Indians.
    • The historical backdrop of violence between the two groups in 1949 and 1985 also fueled these fears and anxieties.
    • These historical conflicts, the lack of police presence, and the spread of misinformation contributed to a siege mentality, and fueled violence against Africans.

    Racial Capitalism and Social Tension

    • There is tension between African and Indian communities due to the historical context of the area and the current socio-economic conditions.
    • The lack of resources and the historical context of racism in South Africa contribute to this tension.
    • These tensions have been exploited to create social divisions and fuel violence.
    • The events in Phoenix highlight the continuing issue of racial capitalism in South Africa.
    • There continues to be hope for a non-racial future in South Africa.

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    Related Documents

    Ashwin Desai (2023). Geographies of racial capitalism.pdf

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