18 Questions
What is the main function of the cuticle in mosses?
To protect the moss from dehydration
What is the tail of the sperm in mosses called?
Flagella
In the life cycle of ferns, what structure is haploid and multicellular?
Gametophytes
What are the main parts of a seed in seed vascular plants?
Embryo, endosperm, and seed coat
Identify the main characteristics of seed vascular plants.
They have vascular tissue and use seeds to reproduce
What is a seed coat also known as in seed plants?
Testa
What are the two main categories of land plants?
Non-vascular and vascular
List some characteristics of bryophytes.
Small and simple. No xylem or phloem, Rhizoids instead of roots.
What limits the size of bryophytes?
The lack of vascular tissue.
Explain how water is essential for reproduction in bryophytes.
The sperm swims to reach the egg.
What are the characteristics of tracheophytes?
Vascular tissue, true roots, stem, and leaves. Sporophyte is the dominant stage in the life cycle.
Do bryophytes have vascular tissue?
No
Why do mosses tend to live in moist environments?
Mosses must absorb their water directly from their environment.
What are the main parts of mosses in terms of the gametophyte and sporophyte structure?
The gametophyte phase is predominant, and the sporophyte is dependent on the gametophyte.
Differentiate between antheridia and archegonia in mosses.
Antheridia produce male gametes, while archegonia produce female gametes.
Explain how water is essential to the life cycle of bryophytes.
Water is crucial for the sperm to swim to the egg during fertilization in bryophytes.
Do mosses have true stems and leaves?
No
Where do mosses typically live?
Everywhere on land, near damps.
Study Notes
Bryophytes (Non-vascular Plants)
- Small and simple, lacking xylem and phloem
- Have rhizoids instead of roots
- Grow close to the ground in clumps or sheets
- Leaves are flat and often one cell in width
- Must absorb water directly from their environment
- Live in moist environments due to their need for water
- Gametophyte phase is predominant, sporophyte is dependent on gametophyte
- Antheridia produce male gametes, archegonia produce female gametes
- Water is essential for reproduction, as sperm swims to reach the egg
Characteristics of Mosses
- Flat leaves, often one cell in width
- Grow close to the ground in clumps or sheets
- Live in moist environments
- Have a waxy overcoat called a cuticle to protect from dehydration
- Have flagella, a tail of sperm
Ferns (Tracheophytes)
- Have vascular tissue, including xylem and phloem
- Produce spores, not seeds
- Grow in damp environments
- Sporophyte is the dominant stage in the life cycle
- Gametophytes are smaller and simpler than sporophytes
- Have thick cell walls, vascular tissue, and strong roots
- Have underground stems called rhizomes
- Have large leaves divided into smaller leaves called fronds
- Have a waxy overcoat called a cuticle to protect from dehydration
- Sporangia produce tiny spores cases found in sori
Life Cycle of Ferns
- Spores grow into a thin gametophyte
- Sperm and egg are produced
- Fertilization occurs
- Diploid zygote forms, making a new sporophyte plant
- Sporophyte matures, producing haploid spores in sporangia
Seed Plants
- Have vascular tissue and use seeds to reproduce
- A seed is a plant embryo and food reserve enclosed in a protective outer covering called a seed coat (testa)
- Main parts of a seed: embryo, endosperm, and seed coat
Green Algae
- Are autotrophs, mostly aquatic, and photosynthetic eukaryotes
- Share characteristics with land plants, including:
- Photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll
- Cellulose cell walls
- Starch storage
- Alternation of generations
- Similar genetic material
Classification of Land Plants
- Two main categories: non-vascular (bryophytes) and vascular (tracheophytes)
- Bryophytes lack vascular tissue and have rhizoids instead of roots
- Tracheophytes have vascular tissue, including xylem and phloem
Test your knowledge on bryophytes by answering questions about their characteristics, reproduction methods, and dependency on water. Learn about the importance of water in the life cycle of bryophytes and identify key characteristics of mosses.
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