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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of bone marrow?
Which type of cartilage is found on the articular surfaces of bones?
What characterizes the periosteum?
What is the role of the endosteum in bone structure?
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Where are growth plates located in long bones?
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Which classification includes bones of the skull?
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What type of skeleton is formed in the body wall?
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Which of the following is an example of bones developed through Endochondral Ossification?
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Which factor does NOT influence the shape and appearance of bones?
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The axial skeleton includes which of the following structures?
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Which classification is NOT based on Ontogeny?
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Long bones are primarily developed through which type of ossification?
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Which component does NOT contribute to the differences in bone shape?
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What is the primary function of the articular cartilage in long bones?
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Which part of the long bone is primarily responsible for producing blood cells?
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What characterizes the cortex of compact bone in the long bone structure?
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Where is the periosteum located in the long bone?
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What type of bone is predominantly found in the extremities (epiphysis) of long bones?
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How is the inner surface of the cortex described?
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What role does the nutrient foramen play in the long bone?
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Which of the following best describes spongy bone?
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What structure does the nutrient artery primarily provide blood supply to in a long bone?
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Which of the following arteries primarily supplies the periosteum of a long bone?
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What type of drainage is referred to as centrifugal circulation in the context of venous drainage from long bones?
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Which arteries establish collateral circulation in long bones?
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What is the primary feature of the lymphatic drainage of long bones?
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Which part of the long bone experience nerve supply alongside blood vessels?
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Which of the following structures does not primarily supply blood to the marrow tissue?
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What anatomical feature might the nutrient artery simulate in radiographs?
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What is the primary characteristic of low porosity bone compared to high porosity bone?
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Which type of bone is primarily responsible for forming the shaft of long bones?
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What does high porosity bone primarily support due to its structural properties?
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How does a decrease in collagen components in bone primarily affect its physical properties?
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In terms of chemical composition, which component is the most abundant in bone tissue?
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Which term describes the ends of a long bone?
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What is the main function of the metaphysis in a long bone?
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What is the role of the periosteum in bone structure?
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Study Notes
Bone Classification
- Bones are classified based on topography, ontogeny, development, and shape.
- Topographically, bones can be classified as part of the cranial skeleton (bones of the skull), the post cranial skeleton (axial and appendicular skeletons), and the specialized (visceral) skeleton (bones developed in viscera/soft tissues).
- Ontogeny classification divides bones into somatic skeleton (formed in the body wall, post cranial skeleton) and visceral skeleton (derived from pharyngeal arches).
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Development categorizes bones based on their ossification process:
- Endochondral ossification: long bones, vertebrae, pelvic bones
- Intramembranous ossification: skull vault, maxilla, mandible, clavicle
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Shape of bones is determined by function, genetics, and static/dynamic influences.
- Function influences include movement, protection, and shock absorbance.
- Muscle or tendon attachment causes the development of processes, tubercles, crests, spines, roughened surfaces, depressions, and notches.
Long Bone Organization
- Bones are formed by a cortex of compact bone composed of thin lamellae arranged around central canals (osteons).
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Shaft/Diaphysis:
- Thick cortex towards the middle.
- Smooth external surface except at muscle or ligament attachment sites.
- Rough inner surface bounds a central medullary cavity.
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Extremities/Epiphysis:
- Occupied by cancellous or spongy bone, forming a lattice of interlacing spicules, plates, and tubes.
- Medullary cavity and interstitial spaces of spongy bone are occupied by bone marrow.
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Growth Plate/Metaphysis:
- Plates of hyaline cartilage between diaphysis and epiphysis.
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Articular Surface:
- Smooth and covered in articular cartilage.
- Hyaline cartilage with variable thickness, calcified in its deepest layer, blends with periosteum and joint capsule.
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Periosteum:
- Covers the external surface of bone except at the articular surface.
- Tough double-layered structure with an outer fibrous and deeper cellular layer.
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Endosteum:
- Thin CT lining of marrow cavity (diaphysis) and marrow spaces (spongy bone).
Long Bone Blood Supply
- Long bone blood supply includes:
- Epiphyseal arteries.
- Metaphysial arteries.
- Nutrient artery.
- Artery of bone marrow.
- Periosteal arteries.
- Sinusoids in bone marrow.
- Nutrient artery passes through the nutrient foramen, a landmark visible in radiographs.
- Bifurcates and re-branches, supplying the sinusoids of marrow tissue and osteons (compact bone).
- Establishes collateral circulation through anastomoses with metaphyseal and epiphyseal vessels (relevant for intramedullary pinning).
Long Bone Venous Drainage
- Venous drainage occurs through large, thin-walled veins accompanying major arteries.
- Veins emerge through nutrient, epiphyseal, and metaphyseal foramina.
- Capillaries in cortical tissue drain into venules within the periosteum, creating centrifugal circulation.
Long Bone Nerve Supply and Lymphatic Drainage
- Nerves accompany blood vessels.
- Sensory periosteal innervation.
- Vasomotor supply for blood vessels.
- No lymphatics present in long bone.
Bone Matrix
-
Cortical bone (compact bone):
- Low porosity.
- Forms the shaft of long bones and the outer layer of all bones.
- Withstands greater stress but less strain (more stiff).
-
Trabecular bone (spongy bone):
- High porosity.
- Forms the extremities of long bones and the core of all other bones.
- Withstands greater strain before fracturing.
Key Takeaways
- Understanding the classifications, organization, and blood/nerve supply of bones, specifically using the example of long bone, allows for further investigation into the biomechanics and development of bones.
- The relative porosity of compact and spongy bone contributes to their unique strength and resilience properties.
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Description
This quiz covers the various classifications of bones based on topography, ontogeny, development, and shape. Discover how bones are categorized, including the distinctions between cranial and post cranial skeletons, and the processes of ossification. Test your knowledge on the functional aspects that influence bone shape and classification.
