Bone Classification and Structure Quiz

Long bones are longer than they are wide. Short bones are about as long as they are wide. Flat bones are platelike. Irregular bones are varied in shape.

Epiphyses, diaphysis, metaphysis, periosteum, endosteum

Compact bone is composed of osteons, cylindrical units of osteocytes in lamellae (layers of extracellular matrix) concentrically clustered around a central canal.

<p>Spongy bone has osteocytes in extracellular matrix forming bony plates, not clustered around central canals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intramembranous bones begin as membrane-like layers of embryonic connective tissue (mesenchyme). Cells in the connective tissue differentiate into osteoblasts that deposit bony matrix around themselves. Spongy bone forms along the blood vessels within the connective tissue. Connective tissue that persists on the outside of the developing bone gives rise to the periosteum. Osteoblasts beneath the periosteum form a layer of compact bone over the surface of the spongy bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endochondral bones begin as masses of hyaline cartilage shaped like the future bone. Periosteum forms from connective tissue encircling the developing bone. Blood vessels and connective tissue invade the decomposing hyaline cartilage. The undifferentiated cells of the connective tissue differentiate into osteoblasts and form spongy bone. Osteoblasts form compact bone beneath the periosteum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Zone of resting cells has cartilage cells that do not participate in bone growth, but the cells anchor the epiphyseal plate to the bony tissue of the epiphysis. Zone of proliferating cartilage has cartilage cells undergoing mitosis and thickening the cartilaginous plate. Zone of hypertrophic cartilage includes cartilage cells that die and are replaced by osteoblasts. Zone of calcified cartilage contains dead cartilage cells and calcified matrix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dietary calcium is important to the formation of the bony matrix. Vitamin D is important for the body to absorb dietary calcium. Vitamin A is needed for osteoblast and osteoclast activity. Vitamin C is needed for producing collagen which is part of the bony extracellular matrix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Growth hormone stimulates mitosis in the cartilage cells of the epiphyseal plates. Thyroid hormone stimulates osteoblasts to deposit bone to replace cartilage in the epiphyseal plates. Parathyroid hormone stimulates osteoclast activity. Male and female sex hormones stimulate ossification of the epiphyseal plates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exercise (physical stress) stimulates bone tissue to thicken and strengthen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bones provide shape, support, and protection for body structures, aid movement, produce blood cells, and store inorganic salts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Red marrow produces blood cells, and yellow marrow stores fat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>If blood calcium levels drop, parathyroid hormone stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone and release calcium. If blood calcium levels rise, calcitonin (from the thyroid gland) stimulates osteoblasts to deposit calcium in bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, carbonate ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Axial skeleton - bony and cartilaginous parts that support and protect the organs of the head, neck, and trunk. Appendicular skeleton - the bones of the upper and lower limbs and the bones that anchor the limbs to the trunk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The infant skull is incompletely developed, with fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones (fontanels).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The vertebral column is composed of bony vertebrae, connected by ligaments and separated by masses of fibrocartilage (intervertebral discs).</p> Signup and view all the answers