Body Fluids and Circulation

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Questions and Answers

Water accounts for up to 60% of live human body weight. What is the largest reservoir of body water?

Cardiovascular system (correct)

Cells

Digestive tract

Urinary bladder

Why are the extracellular and intracellular fluids referred to as 'fluid compartments'?

They can be regulated independently of each other.

They are in communication but can maintain different internal compositions. (correct)

Because they receive water from different sources.

They are separated by specific structural boundaries. (correct)

The movement of the fluid in the capillary bed is the result of:

Osmotic pressure

The electrochemical gradient

Hydrostatic pressure

Osmotic and hydrostatic pressure (correct)

Which is the best definition of osmotic pressure?

It is the force driving water across a semipermeable membrane to eliminate a concentration gradient. Signup and view all the answers

Water that filters from the capillaries into the interstitial fluid...

Re-enters the bloodstream directly or via the lymphatic system Signup and view all the answers

The extracellular (ECF) and intracellular fluids (ICF) are in osmotic equilibrium. This implies all of the following, EXCEPT:

The overall concentration of solutes in the ICF and the ECF are the same. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can be directly measured?

Extracellular fluid and total body water Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the hypothalamus in regulating water balance?

Monitoring of blood plasma osmolarity and control of angiotensin release (from the kidneys) Signup and view all the answers

Dehydration (water depletion) and water intoxication (excess water intake) have the most direct effect on the extracellular fluid concentration of which ion?

Sodium (Na+) Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes an effective buffer?

An ion that can absorb excess H+ ions to prevent pH increasing and release them when pH decreases. Signup and view all the answers

Which ion plays a major part in haemostasis (blood clotting)?

Ca2+ Signup and view all the answers

Which physiological factor initiates haemostasis?

Factor released from injured tissue Signup and view all the answers

What it is the consequence of platelet activation?

Platelets become sticky and adhere to each other and injured tissue Signup and view all the answers

Why does whole blood in the intact circulatory system not clot?

Endogenous inhibitory mechanisms oppose blood clotting mechanisms Signup and view all the answers

Clotting disorders cause:

An excessive tendency to bleed Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT part of the NON-SPECIFIC immune defenses?

Antibodies Signup and view all the answers

Innate immunity is:

Inherited Signup and view all the answers

Immunity can be acquired by all of the following ways EXCEPT:

Chemical (Antibiotics) Signup and view all the answers

All of the following are part of the first line of defense against invaders EXCEPT:

Neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

Allergy involves an excessive immune response against:

Innocuous substances Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Body Fluids and Circulation - Advanced

Water makes up to 60% of human body weight. The largest reservoir of body water is the cells.
Extracellular and intracellular fluids are called fluid compartments because they are separated by structural boundaries and can be regulated independently.
Fluid movement in capillary beds is caused by osmotic and hydrostatic pressure.
Osmotic pressure is the force driving water across a semipermeable membrane to equalize solute concentrations.
Water that filters from capillaries into interstitial fluid can re-enter the bloodstream or the lymphatic system.
Extracellular and intracellular fluids are in osmotic equilibrium, meaning there's no net water movement between them.
Extracellular and total body water can be measured directly. Intracellular fluid and total body water cannot.
The hypothalamus regulates water balance through neural control of kidney activity, controlling drinking behavior, and regulating ADH release. It also monitors blood plasma osmolarity and controls angiotensin release.

Hemostasis

Haemostasis is initiated by factors released from injured tissue. Factors include platelets.
Platelet activation leads to platelets becoming sticky and adhering to each other and injured tissues.
Whole blood in intact circulatory systems does not clot due to exogenous and endogenous inhibitory mechanisms.
Essential bodily functions, like blood clotting, are aided by hormones and factors released by cells, tissues, and blood.

Buffer Systems

Effective buffers absorb excess H+ ions, preventing pH changes. An example of a buffer system is one involving an ion that can absorb excess H+ ions and prevents pH from increasing or decreasing.
Calcium (Ca2+), a major ion involved in many cellular processes, is important in blood clotting

Immune System

The innate immune system is the body's inborn defense system.
The innate immune system's non-specific defenses include inflammation, skin, and natural killer cells. These systems do not target specific invaders.
Innate immunity is present at birth, while acquired immunity develops upon exposure.
The first line of defense includes the skin, tears, and saliva.
Immunity can be acquired through natural or artificial means. Antibiotics are not a natural or artificial method of gaining immunity.
Allergies are excessive immune responses to harmless substances.

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Description

This quiz covers the intricacies of body fluids and circulation, focusing on the composition of body water, fluid compartments, and the mechanisms of fluid movement. Learn about osmotic and hydrostatic pressures, the role of the kidneys in water balance, and how the hypothalamus regulates these processes.